Plan outline Essay Example for Free

Plan outline Essay The company The name of the company will be â€Å"Innovations†. It would be specializing in manufacturing and marketing of hand crafted products, which used to be in vogue before the industrial revolution, and are still existing in many parts of the world. It will be a proprietary ownership firm, with a relatively small capital investment. The initial range of products offered will be the craft products in bamboo, from India. Once strong in marketing of these products, the range will slowly extend to wood and metal crafts from India. The ultimate goal will be to enter the high price jewellery sector in gold, and gems. The company will have its head office in Chicago, USA and have an operating branch in India. The head office at Chicago will be responsible for marketing the products which are sourced from India, by the branch over there. The Indian leg will be operating under instructions from the Head office in Chicago, will be responsible for locating suitable sources and the logistics for the product range outlined by the management. The main strength of the company will be its innovative designs. The focus would be on developing new designs, continuously. This pool of talent will be supported by a very strong team which specializes in strong brand building. The ultimate goal of the management is to build strong brand image in the hand crafted products sector. Initially, the staff strength will be very limited, to keep low overheads. This will be instrumental in the growth of the company. Details: The company will enter the business with a low investment. To risk factor will always be low, and a reserve fund will always be maintained at a certain level. . The gestation period is estimated at 3 months. Money should start rolling by his time. The company is not taking any loans or there is no borrowing of any type, to start this business. In both the offices, stress will be laid on employing people whoa re aware of the local market conditions. The marketing staff in Chicago and the procuring staff inIndia, will not exceed 5 to begin with. The USA office will be supported by two experienced designers, who will concentrate on evolving new designs, which will be communicated to the craftsmen, through our India branch. The Indian will have one efficient manager, under whom the procuring and logistics staff will operate. The manager directly reports to the USA head office. On the expenses side, 25 percent of the capital will be utilized for procurement of the crafted products and its logistics, another 25 percent for the marketing research and the actual marketing efforts, another 25% for the running overheads of both the offices and the reserves will be never go below the level of the final 25%. The operating strategy of the company will be to use only 75% of the capital, and concentrate on fast rotation of money. The routine functions like legal, accounts and personnel will be carried out by hired professionals on contract basis. Expenses will not be limiting factor, to get the best of the innovative talents, in whichever way available. With a small beginning, the company is expected to grow as a leading firm in the USA, for crafted products.

Reason for Seeking a College Degree Essay Example for Free

Reason for Seeking a College Degree Essay The purpose of this essay is to discuss why I chose to seek a college degree, my learning style as discovered by the results of questionnaires, and the fact that I feel the results are accurate for me personally. Everyone has their own individual reasons for pursuing a college degree. For me, it is the desire to become a state Game Warden after retiring from the military. Being a state Game Warden requires that I have a degree in the biological or wildlife sciences. In a profession like this, it is important that one has a clear and concise understanding of wildlife biology at a collegiate level. To be a viable candidate in this profession, a college degree is necessary to present myself as a competitive individual for the job I am seeking to fill. Whether or not I have on the job training or experience, the college degree will show that I have the knowledge base to help me succeed as a warden. The end goal in my pursuit of a college degree is to not only broaden my scope of knowledge and skills, but to unlock career aspirations that would otherwise be unattainable for me without a degree. But before I put the cart before the horse, graduating with degree in hand requires I truly know myself inside and out. Basically I need to understand what my personal learning style is. Learning styles are not exactly chosen, they are natural and inherent to each learner. According to Felder Soloman (n. d. ) there are several different learning styles: Active, Reflective, Visual, Auditory, Tactile, Sensing, Intuitive, Verbal, Sequential and Global. To find out what kind of learner you are, a simple questionnaire or quiz can be taken to narrow these options down. In taking Felder Soloman’s Index of Learning Styles Questionnaire (n. d.) and the Learning Style Inventory (Penn State, 2010) questionnaire, I have discovered that I am an active learner and a visual learner. An active learner is one who gravitates toward interpreting, comprehending, and retaining information in a â€Å"hands on† or active fashion. In other words they discuss or apply and explain the information to others (Felder Soloman, n. d. ). The degree program I am enrolled in is online; which presents me with challenges and difficulties in using the active learning style that I normally rely upon. An alternative to active learning for me is visual, which will serve me well because online course material is something I can see to interpret and retain. Visual learners are those who absorb and maintain information efficiently through methods such as charts, diagrams, pictures, films or demonstrations (Felder Soloman, n. d. ). Suggestions for success as a visual learner include writing out ideas and information for memorization and fully utilizing all course materials, whether they are maps, flashcards, charts or filmstrips (Penn State, 2010). I am someone who always reads the directions prior to completing any task, therefore this fits me perfectly. I fully agree with the results of these questionnaires. I am a mechanic- someone who works day in and day out with my hands. The things I am trying to accomplish or figure out require me to read texts, diagrams and pictures and solve the problem using these resources. I also discuss and apply the information found with those who are masters of the mechanic profession. My reasons for seeking a college degree are simple. I need to hold at minimum at Bachelor’s in the wildlife or biological sciences to reach my goal of being a state Game Warden after retirement from the military. To be successful in this means that I understand I am a visual and active learner, as realized after taking the learning styles questionnaires. References Felder, R. M. , Soloman, B. A. (n. d. ). Index of learning styles. Retrieved from http://www. engr. ncsu. edu/learningstyles/ilsweb. html Penn State. (2010). Learning style inventory. Retrieved from http://www. personal. psu. edu/bxb11/LSI/LSI/htm.

The Ash Content Of A Crude Drug Biology Essay

The Ash Content Of A Crude Drug Biology Essay The ash content of a crude drug is generally taken to be the residue remaining after incineration. It usually represents the inorganic salts naturally occurring in the drug and adhering to it, but it may also include inorganic matter added for the purpose of adulteration. There is a considerable difference varies within narrow limits in the case of the same individual drug. Hence an ash determination furnishes a basis for judging the identity and cleanliness of a drug and gives information relative to its adulteration with inorganic matter. Ash standards have been established for a number of official drugs. Usually these standards get a maximum limit on the total ash or on the acid insoluble ash permitted. The total ash is the residue remaining after incineration. The acid insoluble ash is the part of the total ash which is insoluble in diluted hydrochloric acid. The ash or residue yielded by an organic chemical compound is as a rule, a measure of the amount of inorganic matters present as impurity. In most cases, the inorganic matter is present in small amounts which are difficult to remove in the purification process and which are not objectionable if only traces are present. Ash values are helpful in determining the quality and purity of the crude drugs in powder form. Procedures given in Indian pharmacopoeia were used to determine the different ash values such as total ash and acid insoluble ash. Total ash Weighed accurately about 3 gm of air dried powdered drug was taken in a tarred silica crucible and incinerated by gradually increasing the temperature to make it dull red until free from carbon cooled and weighted and then calculated the percentage of total ash with reference to the air dried drug. Acid insoluble ash The ash obtained as directed under total ash above was boiled with 25 ml of 2N HCl for 5 minutes. The insoluble matter was collected on ash less filter paper, washed with hot water ignited and weighed, then calculated the percentage of acid insoluble ash with reference to the air dried drug. Water soluble ash The total ash obtained was boiled with 25 ml of water for 5 minutes. The insoluble matter was collected on an ash less filter paper, washed with hot water and ignited for 15 minutes at a temperature not exceeding 450ËÅ ¡C. The weight of insoluble matter was subtracted from the weight of total ash. The difference in weight represents the water soluble ash. The percentage of water soluble ash calculated with reference to the air dried drug. b. EXTRACTIVE VALUES Extractive values of crude drugs are useful for their evaluation, especially when the constituents of a drug cannot be readily estimated by any other means. Further, these values indicate the nature of the constituents present in a crude drug. Determination of alcohol soluble extractive value 5 gm of the air-dried coarse powder of Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC) was macerated with 100 ml of 90% ethanol in a closed flask for 24 hours, shaking frequently during the first 6 hours and allowing standing for 18hours. Thereafter, it was filtered rapidly taking precautions against the loss of the solvent. Out of that filtrate, 25 ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tarred flat bottomed shallow dish, dried at 105ËÅ ¡C and weighed. The percentage of ethanol soluble extractive value was calculated with reference to the air- dried drug. The results are recorded in the table. Determination of water soluble extractive value Weigh accurately 5 gm of coarsely powdered drug and macerate it with 100 ml of chloroform water in a closed flask for 24 hours, shaking frequently during the first 6 hours and allow to standing for 18 hours. Thereafter, it was filtered rapidly taking precautions against loss of the solvent. Then 25 ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tarred flat bottomed shallow dish, dried at 105ËÅ ¡C and weighed. The percentage of water soluble extractive was calculated with reference to the air dried drug. The results are given in the table. c. LOSS ON DRYING Loss on drying is the loss in weight in percentage w/w determined by means of the procedure given below. It determines the amount of volatile matter of any kind (including water) that can be driven off under the condition specified (Desiccators or hot air oven). If the sample is in the form of large crystals, then reduce the size by quick crushing to a powder. Procedure About 1.5 gm of powdered drug was weighed accurately in a tarred porcelain dish which was previously dried at 105ËÅ ¡C in hot air oven to constant weight and then weighed. From the difference in weight, the percentage loss of drying with reference to the air dried substance was calculated. d. FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS [Kokate.C.K, 2002; Khandelwal KR 1996]. In the near-ultra region of the spectrum (3000-4000AËÅ ¡) some of the phytoconstituents show more or less brilliant coloration when exposed to radiation. This phenomenon of emitting visible wavelengths as a result of being excited by radiation of a different wavelength is known as fluorescence. Sometimes the amount of ultra-violet light normally present with visible light is sufficient to produce the fluorescence, but often a more powerful source of ultra-violet is necessary, e.g. mercury vapour lamp. It is often possible to make use of this phenomenon for the qualitative examination of herbal drugs. A fluorescence characteristic of the powdered leaves of Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC) was observed in daylight and UV light. Also the fluorescent study was performed on treating the drug powder with different chemical reagents. The observed results are given in table. e. FOAMING INDEX: [Divakar M.C., 1996] Foaming index is mainly performed to determine the saponin content in an aqueous decoction of plant material. Determination of foaming index: Weighed accurately about 1g of coarsely powdered drug and transformed to 500ml conical flask containing 100ml of boiling water. Maintained at moderate boiling at 80-90ËÅ ¡c for about 30min. Cooled and added sufficient water through the filter to make up the volume to 100ml (V1). Cleaned 10 stoppered test tube of uniform dimension were taken and transferred the successive portions of 1,2,3ml up to 10ml and adjusted the volume of the liquid in each test tube with water to 10ml.Stoppered the tubes and shaken them in a lengthwise motion for 15 sec uniformly and allowed to stand for 15min and measure the height of foam. If the height of the foam in every tube is less than 1cm, the foaming index is less than 100(not significant). Here the foam was more than 1cm height after dilution of plant material. If the height of the foam in every tube is more than 1cm, the foaming index is more than 1000. In this case, 10ml of first decoction of plant material is measured and transferred to 100m l volumetric flask (V2) and volume is made to 100ml and followed the same procedure. 5.1. 2. PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS Extraction of plant material:- Petroleum ether extraction:- About 400gm of dry coarse leaf powder of the Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC) was extracted with petroleum ether 2500ml (40-600c) for 18 hrs by continuous hot percolation method. It was allowed to cool to 40oC and then filtered using whatman No.1 filter paper. The filtrate was then concentrated in a rotary evaporator and the extract stored at 4 °C until required. The extract yield (% w/w) from the plant material was recorded. Methanolic extraction:- About 400g of air dried coarse powdered material was taken in 1000ml soxhlet apparatus and soaked with petroleum ether for 2 days. At the end of second day the powder was taken out and it was dried. After drying it was again packed and extracted by using methanol (Changshu yangyuan chemicals, China) as solvent, till colour disappeared. The temperature was maintained at 55 °C-65 °C. After that extract was concentrated by distillation and solvent was recovered. The final solution was evaporated to dryness. The colour, consistency and yield (% w/w) of methanolic extract were noted. S.No. Name of extract Colour Consistency Yield% W/W 1 2 Methanolic extract Petroleum ether extract Blackish brown Blackish green Non Sticky mass sticky oily mass 16.75 1.60Table: 1. Nature and colour of extract of Anogeissu latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC). 5.1. 3 CHEMICAL TESTS: A) Test for carbohydrates 1. Molisch Test: It consists of treating the compounds of a-naphthol and concentrated sulphuric acid along the sides of the test tube. Purple colour or reddish violet colour was produced at the junction between two liquids. (Kokate, C.K et al, 2000) 2. Fehlings Test: Equal quantity of Fehlings solution A and B is added. Heat gently, brick red precipitate is obtained. 3. Benedicts test: To the 5ml of Benedicts reagent, add 8 drops of solution under examination. Mix well, boiling the mixture vigorously for two minutes and then cool. Red precipitate is obtained. 4. Barfoeds test: To the 5ml of the Barfoeds solution add 0.5ml of solution under examination, heat to boiling, formation of red precipitate of copper oxide is obtained. B) Test for Alkaloids 1. Dragendroffs Test: To the extract, add 1ml of Dragendroffs reagent Orange red precipitate is produced. 2. Wagners test: To the extract add Wagner reagent. Reddish brown precipitate is produced. 3. Mayers Test: To the extract add 1ml or 2ml of Mayers reagent. Dull white precipitate is produced. 4. Hagers Test: To the extract add 3ml of Hagers reagent yellow Precipitate is produced. C) Test for Steroids and Sterols 1. Liebermann Burchard test: Dissolve the test sample in 2ml of chloroform in a dry test tube. Now add 10 drops of acetic anhydride and 2 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid. The solution becomes red, then blue and finally bluish green in colour. 2. Salkowski test: Dissolve the sample of test solution in chloroform and add equal volume of conc. sulphuric acid. Bluish red cherry red and purple color is noted in chloroform layer, whereas acid assumes marked green fluorescence. D) Test for Glycosides 1. Legals test: Sample is dissolved in pyridine; sodium nitropruside solution is added to it and made alkaline. Pink red colour is produced. 2. Baljet test: To the drug sample, sodium picrate solution is added. Yellow to orange colour is produced. 3. Borntrager test: Add a few ml of dilute sulphuric acid to the test solution. Boil, filter and extract the filtrate with ether or chloroform. Then organic layer is separated to which ammonia is added, pink, red or violet colour is produced in organic layer. 4. Killer Killani test: Sample is dissolved in acetic acid containing trace of ferric chloride and transferred to the surface of concentrated sulphuric acid. At the junction of liquid reddish brown color is produced which gradually becomes blue. E) Test for Saponins Foam test: About 1ml of alcoholic sample is diluted separately with distilled water to 20ml, and shaken in graduated cylinder for 15 minutes.1 cm layer of foam indicates the presence of saponins. F) Test for Flavonoids Shinoda test: To the sample, magnesium turnings and then concentrated hydrochloric acid is added. Red colour is produced. G) Test for Tri-terpenoids In the test tube, 2 or 3 granules of tin was added, and dissolved in a 2ml of thionyl chloride solution and test solution is added. Pink colour is produced which indicates the presence of triterpenoids. H) Tests for Tannins and Phenolic Compounds: To 2-3 ml of extract, add few drops of following reagents: a). 5% FeCl3 solution: deep blue-black color. b). Lead acetate solution: white precipitate. c). Gelatin solution: white precipitate d). Bromine water: decolouration of bromine water. e). Acetic acid solution: red color solution f). Dilute iodine solution: transient red color. g). Dilute HNO3: reddish to yellow color. I) Test for Fixed Oils and Fatty acids a). Spot test: Small quantity of the extract is placed between two filter papers. Oil stain produced with any extract shows the presence of fixed oils and fats in the extracts. b). Saponification test: Few drops of 0.5N alcoholic potassium hydroxide are added to the extract with few drops of phenolphthalein solution. Later the mixture is heated on water bath for 1-2 hours soap formation indicates the presence of fixed oils and fats in the extracts. J) Test for Gums and Mucilage: a). Ruthenium red test: Small quantities of extract are diluted with water and added with ruthenium red solution. A pink colour production shows the presence of gums and mucilage. K) Test for Proteins and Amino acids Biuret test: Add 1 ml of 40% sodium hydroxide and 2 drops of 1% copper sulphate to the extract, a violet colour indicates the presence of proteins. Ninhydrin test: Add 2 drops of freshly prepared 0.2% Ninhydrin reagent to the extract and heat. A blue colour develops indicating the presence of proteins, peptides or amino acids. Xanthoprotein test: To the extract, add 20% of sodium hydroxide or ammonia. Orange colour indicates presence of aromatic amino acid. 5.1. 4.TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION Determination LD50 value of Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.ex.DC).wall.Gullperr Acute Oral Toxicity Study The procedure was followed by using OECD guidelines 423 (Acute toxic class method) Animals: Adult albino rats (Wister strain) of either sex with weighing 150 180gm were used. The animals were maintained on the suitable nutritional and environmental condition throughout the experiment. The animals were housed in polypropylene cages with paddy house bedding under standard laboratory condition for an acclimatization periods of 7 days prior to performing the experiment. The animals had access to laboratory chow and water. The experimental protocols were approved by institutional Animal Ethical Committee a written permission from in house ethical committee has been taken to carry out (Reference no. JKKMMRF/2010/009) and complete this study. Procedure: Twelve animals (Wister Albino rats, 150-200gm) were selected for studies. The acute toxic class method is a step wise procedure with 3 animals of single sex per step. Depending on the mortality and / or moribund status of the animals, on average 2-4 steps may be necessary to allow judgment on the acute toxicity of the test animals while allowing for acceptable data based scientific conclusion. The method uses defined doses (5, 50, 300, 2000 mg / kg body weight) and the results allow a substance to be ranked and classified according to the Globally Harmonized system (GHS) for the classification of chemical which cause acute toxicity. Most of the crude extracts possess LD50 value more than 2000 mg. /kg of the body weight of animal used. Dose volume was administered 0.1 ml / 100 gm body weight to the animal by orally after giving the dose the toxic signs were observed within 3-4 hours. Body weight of animals before and after administration, onset of toxicity and signs of toxicity like changes in skin and fur, eyes, and mucous membrane and also respiratory, circulatory, autonomic and central nervous systems and somatomotor activity and behavior pattern, signs of tremors, convulsion, salivation, diarrhoea, lethargy, sleep and coma was also to be noted, if any , was observed. Observation No toxicity or death was observed for these given dose levels, in selected and treated animals. So the LD 50 of the Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC), as per OECD guidelines-423 is greater than 2000mg/kg (LD50 > 2000mg/kg). Hence, the biological dose was fixed at 200, 400 and 600mg/kg of body weight for the extract. PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION 5.2.1 Evaluation of Anti-ulcer Activity:- Animals used: Adult albino rats (Wister strain) of either sex with weighing 150 180gm were used. The animals were maintained on the suitable nutritional and environmental condition throughout the experiment. The animals were housed in polypropylene cages with paddy house bedding under standard laboratory condition for an acclimatization periods of 7 days prior to performing the experiment. The animals had access to laboratory chow and water. The experimental protocols were approved by institutional Animal Ethical Committee a written permission from in house ethical committee has been taken to carry out (Reference no. JKKMMRF/2010/009) and complete this study. 5.2.2 Experimental procedure Ethanol induced ulcer:- Male albino-Wistar rats were divided in to five groups of six animals per group and animals were fasted for 24 hrs prior to the experiment in perforated steel cages to avoid coprophagy. Six groups were made as below Group I animals served as normal controls. Group II received 1% CMC (1.0ml/kg p.o) as vehicle control. Group III received 200mg/kg, p.o methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group IV received 400mg/kg, p.o methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group V received 100mg/kg, Sucralfate as standard One hour after the drug treatment the animals were treated with absolute ethanol [5ml/kg] to induce ulcers. The animals were sacrificed after 1hrs and stomach was opened and percentage inhibition of ulcer was determined. (Mozafar khazaei et al., 2006, Paul V. et al 2002, Paul V. et al., 2000) Aspirin induced ulcer:- Male albino-Wistar rats were divided in to five groups of six animals per group and animals were fasted for 24 hrs prior to the experiment in perforated steel cages to avoid coprophagy. Six groups were made as below Group I animals served as normal controls. Group II received 1% CMC (1.0ml/kg p.o) as vehicle control. Group III received 200mg/kg, p.o methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group IV received 400mg/kg, p.o methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group V received 100mg/kg, Sucralfate as standard One hour after the drug treatment the animals were treated with aspirin [200 mg/kg] to induce ulcers. The animals were sacrificed after 1hrs and stomach was opened and percentage inhibition of ulcer was determined. (Mozafar khazaei et al., 2006, Paul V. et al 2002, Paul V. et al., 2000) 5.2.3 BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS:- The stomach was carefully excised keeping oesophagus closed and opened along greater curvature and luminal contents were removed. The gastric contents were collected in a test tube and centrifuged. The gastric contents were analyzed for gastric juice volume, pH, free and total acidity. 5.2.4 Measurement of gastric juice volume and pH:- Gastric juice was collected from ethanol induced ulcer rats. The gastric juice thus collected was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The volume of supernatant was measured and expressed as ml/100g body weight. The pH of the supernatant was measured using digital pH meter. (Canmon DC. et al., 1969, Kannappan et al., 2008, Patil K.S. et al., 2008, Paul V. et al., 2000) 5.2.5 Determination of free and total acidity:- An aliquot of 1.0 ml of gastric juice was pipette out in to a 50 ml conical flask and 2/3 drops of Topfers reagent was added to it and titrated with 0.01N NaOH until all traces of the red colour disappeared and the colour of the solution turned yellowish orange. The volume of 0.01N NaOH was noted which corresponds to free acidity. Then 2/3 drops of phenolphthalein was added and titration was continued until a permanent pink colour was developed. The volume of total alkali consumed was noted which corresponds to total acidity. The free acidity and total acidity was determined using the formula and values are expressed as mEq/l 100g. (Kannappanetal. 2008, Rajkapoor et al., 2002). Acidity = Volume of NaOH X Normality of NaOH X 100 (mEq/L per 100g) 0.01 5.2.6 Ulcer index (UI):- The mucosa was flushed with saline and stomach was pinned on frog board. The lesion in glandular portion was examined under a 10x magnifying glass and length was measured using a divider and scale and gastric ulcer was scored. Ulcer index of each animal was calculated by adding the values and their mean values were determined. (Malairajan et al., 2007) 0 Normal coloured stomach 0.5 Red colouration 1 Spot ulceration 1.5 Haemorrhagic streak 2 ulcers 3 Perforations 5.2.7 Percentage inhibition: Percentage inhibition was calculated using the following formula. (Malairajan et al., 2007) UI ulcer control UI ulcer treated % inhibition = X 100 UI ulcer control 5.2. 8. Statistical Analysis: All the values are expressed as mean  ± S.E.M for groups of six animals each. Analyzed by one way ANOVA and compared by using Tukey- Kramer multiple comparison tests. The values are statistically significant at three levels, ***p 0.05. 5.3. EVALUATION OF DIURETIC ACTIVITY Animals used: Adult albino rats (Wister strain) of either sex with weighing 150 180gm were used. The animals were maintained on the suitable nutritional and environmental condition throughout the experiment. The animals had access to laboratory chow and water. The experimental protocols were approved by institutional Animal Ethical Committee a written permission from in house ethical committee has been taken to carry out (Reference no. JKKMMRF/2010/009) and complete this study. Experimental procedure The method of (Lipchitz et.al., 1943) was employed for the evaluation of diuretic activity. The Male Albino-Wistar rats were divided into four groups of six rats in each as mentioned below. Group I received Normal saline (25mg/kg, p.o) as control. Group II received (400mg/kg, p.o) methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group III- received (600mg/kg, p.o) methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group IV received Furosemide (20mg/kg, p.o) as standard. The animals were fasted and deprived of food and water for 18hour prior to the experiment. On the day of experiment, the group I animals serving as control, received normal saline (25ml/kg,p.o), the group II animals received methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia wall (Roxb.ex.DC) leaves (400mg/kg,p.o) and group III animals also received methanolic extract (600mg/kg,p.o), the group IV animals received Furosemide (20mg/kg,p.o), respectively, in normal saline. Immediately after the administration the animals were kept in metabolic cages (three per cage) specially designed to separate urine and fecal matter and kept at room temperature of 25  ± 0.5 ° C throughout the experiment. The total volume of urine was collected at the end of 5hrs after dosing. During this period no water and food was made available to the animals. The parameters taken for individual rat were body weight before and after test period, total concentration of Na+ , K+ and Cl ­- in the urine. The Na+ and K+ were measured by flame photometry and Cl ­- concentration was estimated by titration with silver nitrate (N/50) using three drop of 5% potassium chromate solution as indicator .the results are reported as mean  ±SD, the test of significance (P 5.3.1. Statistical analysis: All the values are expressed as mean  ± S.E.M for groups of six animals each. Analyzed by one way ANOVA and compared by using Tukey- Kramer multiple comparison tests. The values are statistically significant at three levels, ***p 0.05. 5.4 EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC ACTIVITY Animals used: Adult albino rats (Wister strain) of either sex with weighing 150 180gm were used. The animals were maintained on the suitable nutritional and environmental condition throughout the experiment. The animals were housed in polypropylene cages with paddy house bedding under standard laboratory condition for an acclimatization periods of 7 days prior to performing the experiment. The animals had access to laboratory chow and water. The experimental protocols were approved by institutional Animal Ethical Committee a written permission from in house ethical committee has been taken to carry out (Reference no. JKKMMRF/2010/009) and complete this study. Procedures: Eddys hot plate method: The Male Albino-Wistar rats were divided into four groups of six rats in each as mentioned below. Group I received 1% CMC (3ml/kg, p.o) as control. Group II received (400mg/kg, p.o) methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group III- received (600mg/kg, p.o) methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia. Group IV received pentazocine (5mg/kg, p.o) as standard Analgesic activity was performed by using Eddys hot plate (Inco, India) maintained at a temperature of 55 ±1 °c. The basal reaction time of all animals towards thermal heat was recorded. The animals which showed forepaw licking or jumping response within 6-8 seconds were selected for the study. Male Albino rats were divided into 5 groups having 6 animals each and they were divided into 5 groups having 6 animals each and they were fasted overnight during the experiment free access to water. Group first received 1 % CMC (3ml/kg, p.o).Group second, third and fourth received methanolic extract of Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.ex DC.) wall. Gull perr leaves of dose 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg, orally as a suspension in 1%CMC solution respectively Group five received Pentazocine (5mg/kg, p.o) as reference drug . 60 mins after the administration of test and reference compounds, the animals in all the six groups were individually exposed to the plate maintained at 55 °c and observations were recorded for 3 hours. The time taken in seconds for fore paw licking or jumping was taken as reaction time. A cut off period of 15 seconds is observed to avoid damage to the paws. The percentage protection was calculated using the formula, Percentage protection = (T/C-1) ÃÆ'-100 where, T is the reaction time of treated group and C the reaction time of control group.

Essay on War -- Politics Conflict Battle War

Essay on war War has been a part of human culture since it's birth. It has led to a great many massacres and has shown us the evil that exists within the souls of humanity. Some have even gone as far as saying that war is human nature. To better understand the reasons behind war and how it affects others, I've examined several different societies and cultures so as to better understand the necessity of war and see the cause of their external war attitude. To do so, different variables from two topics (military institutions and external war attitude) were matched up and crossed so as to look into the answers to these questions. The variables were then calculated and through these graphs, I was able to find different societies in which these variables applied to. The different variables that I looked into were that of hostility toward other societies, acceptability of violence toward people in other societies, decision to engage in war, leadership during battle, and the value of war: violence again st non-members or groups. It is through looking into these variables that I'd like to test my hypothesis on how a countries holdings and military prowess causes more of an aggressive external war attitude towards surrounding countries and societies. With this in mind, I'd also like to look further into each culture to see if the greatness of being a warrior increases the aggression on the outside peoples. Through my research of the various variables, I came across several different societies that scored highly on my variable chart. To further test my hypothesis, I've taken these various variables and researched them through different societies to either prove or disprove m hypothesis. Somalis My research begins with the Somalis. Th... ...es external war attitude. I was also incorrect in that I forgot to include within my hypothesis that the leaders outlook of the situation and how the expansion of their military and their holdings would also bring about a different outtake on how their war attitude would be. So in conclusion, these societies have shown me that the main reason for these societies going into war was their hope of gaining prestige, wealth, and a greater territory. It's something that is not much different than now. After all, it's human nature. Works Cited Keen, Benjamin "The Aztec Image in Western Thought" Rutgers University 1971 Tooker, Elisabeth "The Huron" 1965 Buck, Peter "The Coming of the Maori" 1962 Muir, Lucy Philip "An African People in the 20th Century" 1934 Baxter P.T.W.& A.Butt "Azande and Related Peoples of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the Belgian Congo"(1953)

Jonathan Livingston Seagull :: Jonathan Livingston Seagull Essays

Jonathan Livingston Seagull Jonathan was not an ordinary seagull. For a thousand years, seagulls have spent their whole life on scrambling after fish heads. But Jonathan saw something different. He thought that life should not be just eating and fighting, even seagulls should have a reason to live. For him, his meaning of life is to fly. We all wish that we could spend all our time on doing things we like, just as Jonathan spent all his time on his beloved flight. However, the success in finding his meaning of life didn't bring with him any honor, but caused him to be an object of shame and irresponsibility, and to be banished due to his neglect to finding food. After having been banished, Jonathan was full time practicing flying and made great progress. He thought he had found his own heaven, and wondered why there are so few seagulls enjoying themselves in the heaven; "heaven should be flocked with gulls!" Therefore, besides finding his own meaning of life, he eventually returned to the place that once had expelled him, and help the fellows there to find their purpose of life. This is what I like most in the story. "You don't love hatred and evil...you have to practise and see the real gull, the good in every one of them, and to help them see it themselves" Jonathan was unselfish and lenient. He wasn't hostile to those who forced him out of his homeland, on the contrary, he learned to love them and help them. To forgive and love your enemy is even more difficult than finding the meaning of life, but Jonathan, a little seagull, managed to act it out. While Jonathan carried on practising, he found out that" this world isn't heaven at all". Heaven is being perfect, is not limited by time and space..."there is no such place". So, heaven is somewhere that we can never step out foot in. Very often, people do their best longing for the best result, they like to be perfect and try their best to be perfect. They have an idea of heaven in their mind and are upset all the time because they can never achieve it, we all have too many flaws. Jonathan Livingston Seagull :: Jonathan Livingston Seagull Essays Jonathan Livingston Seagull Jonathan was not an ordinary seagull. For a thousand years, seagulls have spent their whole life on scrambling after fish heads. But Jonathan saw something different. He thought that life should not be just eating and fighting, even seagulls should have a reason to live. For him, his meaning of life is to fly. We all wish that we could spend all our time on doing things we like, just as Jonathan spent all his time on his beloved flight. However, the success in finding his meaning of life didn't bring with him any honor, but caused him to be an object of shame and irresponsibility, and to be banished due to his neglect to finding food. After having been banished, Jonathan was full time practicing flying and made great progress. He thought he had found his own heaven, and wondered why there are so few seagulls enjoying themselves in the heaven; "heaven should be flocked with gulls!" Therefore, besides finding his own meaning of life, he eventually returned to the place that once had expelled him, and help the fellows there to find their purpose of life. This is what I like most in the story. "You don't love hatred and evil...you have to practise and see the real gull, the good in every one of them, and to help them see it themselves" Jonathan was unselfish and lenient. He wasn't hostile to those who forced him out of his homeland, on the contrary, he learned to love them and help them. To forgive and love your enemy is even more difficult than finding the meaning of life, but Jonathan, a little seagull, managed to act it out. While Jonathan carried on practising, he found out that" this world isn't heaven at all". Heaven is being perfect, is not limited by time and space..."there is no such place". So, heaven is somewhere that we can never step out foot in. Very often, people do their best longing for the best result, they like to be perfect and try their best to be perfect. They have an idea of heaven in their mind and are upset all the time because they can never achieve it, we all have too many flaws.

Fiber Supplements :: Nutrition Weight Loss Health Papers

A. Purpose of treatment: Fiber supplements benefit the body through maintaining regularity in the digestive system. Fiber supplements assist the body in compensating for fiber deficiencies when there remains an inadequate amount of fiber in the digestive system. In addition, fiber supplements help to relieve constipation. Fiber can become an aid in weight reduction as well. In all fiber supplements assist in the maintenance of good health and nutrition. B. Rationale of fiber supplements: After eating, one does not digest the total amount of food that they consume. Fiber becomes indigestible because of a certain class of a plant called cellulose. Ground up psyllium seeds, water absorbing particles, constitute the main component of commercial fiber supplements (Enker). A tablespoon, a bar, or certain class of pill contributes to approximately seventy-five percent of the recommended intake, or fifteen grams (Enker). One should take fiber supplements at night, and after a meal. Through regular use, the bowel can function in a regular, methodical manner. Fiber supplements help create roughage, and roughage then aids in discarding the body's toxins and wastes in the digestive tract. Fiber mixes with the stool, takes in liquid and increases into a "gel bead" (Enker). The stool then becomes moisturized through the gel bead, therefore relieving the colon. For this process to work, one must take these fiber supplements with an ample amount of water for absorption, thus accumul ating mucous and acting as a lubricant. There remain two classifications of fiber, insoluble and soluble, which have various physiologic effects. Insoluble fibers do not hold water. Insoluble fiber also increases intestinal conveyance, increases fecal weight, retards starch hydrolyses, and slows glucose intake. Water-soluble fiber soaks up water, increases, and adheres to bile acids. Because they emerge with bile acids, they become discharged; thus reducing insidious cholesterol and triglycerides into the blood. Fiber supplement manufacturers claim that insoluble fiber can reduce serum cholesterol, however it does not benefit the body in the most effective manner. They claim that soluble fiber remains the most efficient type of fiber because it becomes simple to digest and aids in converting the fiber into a gel. This gel then assists in making the other nutrients in the fiber supplements remain in the body for an extended period of time. This process helps to avoid dehydration. Furthermore, manufacturers believe that solu ble fiber creates a "full feeling" because the fiber expands in the stomach.

Diverse Workforce Essay

The term labor force is a general way to refer to all the people willing and able to work. For an organization, the internal labor force consists of the organization’s workers – its employees and the people who have contracts to work at the organization. This internal labor force has been drawn from the organization’s external labor market, that is, individuals who are actively seeking employment. With the development of the world, the labor force also changes. There are three major trends today in the change in labor force: 1. An aging working, 2. Diverse working, 3. Skills deficiencies of workforce. This report will talk about one of the three major trends in the change of labor force — Diverse Workforce. Diversity workforce refers to the variety differences between people in an organization. That sounds simple, but a diverse workforce consists of so many things, like gender, age, ethnic group, immigrants, physically and mentally disabled people, veteran status, sexual orientation, lifestyle, skill level, function or position within the company and so on. This paper is designed for advantages of a diverse workforce, problems of workforce diversity and strategies can be implemented to overcome the problems. 2.0 Advantages of a diverse workforce For an organization, a diverse workforce is good for it. Diversity is not only beneficial to both associates, but also to employers. Although associates are interdependent in the workplace, respecting individual differences can increase productivity. Diversity in the workplace can reduce lawsuits and increase marketing opportunities, recruitment, creativity, and business image (Esty, et al., 1995). In an era when flexibility and creativity are keys to competitiveness, diversity is critical for an organization’s success. Also, the consequences (loss of time and money) should not be overlooked. An organization’s success and competitiveness depends upon its ability to embrace diversity and realize the benefits. There are two advantages of why the diverse workforce important to an organization. 2.1More creative When employees come from diverse background, but bring individual talents and experience with them. This invariably contributes to an organization’s overall growth. Embracing employees with different skills and cultural viewpoints helps in understanding the needs and requirements of the customers, on a global scale. Diversity in workplace leads to a wide of viewpoints and business ideas. This helps an organization formulate the best business strategy, with its lager pool of different ideas and solutions. It can be more creative. Absolutely, with the world developing, a company need more creative to follow the world, and a diverse workforce can bring different employers, they have different background and experiences. So a diverse workforce is important to organizations. 2.2Increasing sales and earnings For organizations, the most important gold is profit. No one wants them lose money. Workforce diversity can increase sales and earnings. â€Å"Valuing diversity is part of Safeway’s approach to competing with specialty grocers and big-box stores such as Walmart and Target. Safeway invested in programs to attract, develop, and retain its best talent and to position the company as an employer of choice. Although 70 percent of Safeway’s customers are women, male leaders had been the norm in the retail grocery industry. Safeway took initiatives to help women, including women of color, advance into management. The CEO speaks regularly with employees about diversity issue, and employees have access to DVDs featuring interviews with successful employees who are women and people of color. The company ensures that all employees who qualify for its Retail Leadership Program, including those who work part-time and have flexible schedules to juggle work and family responsibilities, have the same opportunities for coaching, development, and advancement. A women’s leadership network sponsors development meetings between promising women and executives who suggest new job opportunities that can help the women advance to next level. With these and other efforts, the number of female store managers has risen a dramatic 42 percent, and financial analysts have concluded that the advancement of women and minorities has increased Safeway’s sales and earnings.† (Noe, el al. p.67) 3.0 Two problems of workforce diversity Although employing a diverse workforce has many advantages, it comes with some problems as well. 3.1 Communication Communication barriers lead to problems in a company attempting to create a diverse workplace. When a U.S. company hires employees of other cultures whose first language is not English, employees and managers may experience difficulties communicating with one another. This can lead to misunderstandings and a decrease in productivity. For example, if a manager gives instructions about completing a certain task to an employee who fails to fully comprehend the instructions, the employee may make mistakes if he tries to complete the task without receiving clarity. Sometimes it helps for companies to hire bilingual employees who can mediate and reduce language and communication barriers. To achieve the advantages of diversity, you must often provide diversity training, which includes cultural awareness and sensitivity training. Communication barriers become a major challenge in a diverse workforce. Employees that come from different cultures sometimes speak different languages, and encouraging communication can be a challenge. This can negatively affect both formal and informal communication and cohesion. It can also cause more errors and conflicts than you would likely find in a less diverse company. 3.2 Discrimination A company may encounter is reverse discrimination. This is a feeling that is associated with affirmative action policies. It is a major argument against such policies. Reverse discrimination is a claim by white males that they have been unfairly discriminated against. They claim they are equally or more qualified for the position, yet were passed over for a minority to receive the job. This can cause lawsuits in some cases, but mostly a sense of rejection by other workers in the company toward the minority who received the position. Although companies often train to avoid discrimination, the more diverse a workplace, the more potential for discrimination. This can create a hostile work environment where employees may fell oppressed if their emotional security is not protected. The company may face possible legal issues if prejudice and discrimination enter the mix and impact the decisions company leaders make. If managers make decisions about employees based on their personal traits, the company and the managers face potential lawsuits for discrimination. 4.0 strategies can be implemented to overcome the problems 4.1 Recognition As a manager or business owner, you must recognize that people have differences, be they physical, generational or cultural, and you cannot pretend that these barriers have been broken down. Instead, celebrate the differences among your employees, and encourage them to let their individualities show. For example, don’t hesitate to ask someone from another culture about their culture’s etiquette practices — their knowledge could prove useful to your business. Do not pigeonhole your employees. An employee’s worth comes from more than his ethnicity or age. 4.2 Fairness Acting fairly and acting uniformly are different, and only one enables you to successfully deal with diversity in your workplace. Don’t be fooled into thinking that by treating everyone exactly the same, you are demonstrating a fair attitude and respecting diversity. Instead, treat people fairly and respect the differences that make them who they are. For example, don’t schedule a mandatory meeting that falls on a religious holiday — it demonstrates a insensitivity and may breed resentment and foster feelings of being left out in any employees that are unable to attend. As a manager, you must fairness, whatever he or she is white or black, do not discriminate them. When the top managers treat the employees fair, the employees and employees can be respect themselves. 4.3 Patience Although employees that come from different cultures sometimes speak different languages, sometimes they cannot know what you say, as a manager or owner, you must have patience to listen to your employees’ suggestions so that it can help you improve yourself. 5.0 Conclusion A diverse workforce is a reflection of a changing world and marketplace. Diverse work teams bring high value to organizations. Respecting individual differences will benefit the workplace by creating a competitive edge and increasing work productivity. Diversity management benefits associates by creating a fair and safe environment where everyone has access to opportunities and challenges. Management tools in a diverse workforce should be used to educate everyone about diversity and its issues, including laws and regulations. Most workplaces are made up of diverse cultures, so organizations need to learn how to adapt to be successful. 6.0 References Esty, Katharine, Richard Griffin, and Marcie Schorr-Hirsh (1995). Workplace diversity. A managers guide to solving problems and turning diversity into a competitive advantage. Avon, MA: Adams Media Corporation. Lynne, M. D. Advantages & Disadvantages of Diverse Workforce in an Organization, [Online] Available at: http:smallbusiness.chron.com. [Accessed 3 November 2012]. Noe, R. A, et al (2011): Fundamentals of Human Resource Management, 4th edition, New York: McGraw-Hill Josh, G. Diversity in the Workplace: Benefits, Challenges and Solutions [Online] Available at: http:www.multiculturaladvantage.com/recruit/diversity [ Accessed 7 November 2012] Tom, R. 5 Strategies for Dealing with Diversity in the Workplace [Online] Available at: http:smallbusiness.chron.com. [ Accessed 10 November 2012]