Evaluating the Effectiveness of Approaches to Learning Essay

There are various ways which people can learn. There is a need to identify approaches that can assess learning effectively. David Kolb proposed a four stage learning process with a cycle of learning. (Gravells, A. 2008). The process is represented in the diagram below: Concrete experience This is process where the learner experiences or immerses themselves in the task. It is the first stage where the task assigned is carried out. It is also called the doing stage. In my specialism, this could be the time where I give my learner class assignment or test to do in the class. (Gravells, A. 2008). It is good way of assessing learning and getting feedback immediately. Observation and Reflection This involves stepping back from the activity and reviewing what has been done and experienced. Here the learner’s values, attitudes and beliefs can affect their thinking process. This is the process where the learner thinks about what they you have done. The learner has the opportunity to reflect on what has been done in the classroom through the home work given. Abstract conceptualisation This is where the learner tries to interpret and understand the activities that have been carried out during learning. This is the planning how you will do it differently stage. The learner has the opportunity to do this as I lecture a particular topic in mathematics. Active Experimentation It enables the learner to take in new learning and predict what is likely to happen next or what future actions can be taken to improve the way activities can be done in future. This is the redoing stage based upon experience and reflection. When feedback on Tests or home work is given, the learner has the opportunity to improve upon what has already been submitted. Learning styles A learning style is a learner’s consistent way of responding and using stimuli in the context of learning. Honey and Mumford’s learning style questionnaire is another theory used to demonstrate how a learner is able to learn effectively. Questionnaires were given to the learner’s that probes general behavioural tendencies. Although their theory is drawn from David Kolb, it had some differences. Learners were divided into Reflectors, Theorists, Pragmatist and Activist. Reflector The learner prefers to learn from activities they watch, think and review what has happened. They like to use journals and brainstorming. http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/styles/honey_mumford.html [accessed on 3 July 2012.]. To be able to ensure learning takes place for this kind of learner, as a Teacher I would organise more group work, discussions and lecturing in mathematics sessions. Also give out hand outs for learner to read and reflect upon. Theorists Learners in this category prefer to think a problem through step by step manner. They like lectures, analogies, systems, case studies, models and reading. I would organise more lectures on a topic, give handouts and assignments for such learners giving them the opportunity to tackle problems/ questions later on. Pragmatist The learners prefer to apply new learning to actual practice to see if they work. They prefer field works, laboratories, observations, feedback and coaching. Â  Here learning can effectively take place where a lot of examples on topics are tried out with learner before giving out home work or assignments. A lot of clear feedback on assignments/ tasks and activities will be needed to ensure the learners actually understand information passed across.

Software Engineering Assignments

1.For each of the following documents, indicate in which phse(s) of the software life cycle it is produced: final user manual, architectural design, SQA plan, module specification, source code, statement of work, test plan, preliminary user annual, detailed design, cost estimate, project plan, test report, documentation.2.Order the following tasks in terms of the waterfall model: acceptance testing, project planning, unit testing, requirements review, cost estimating, high level design, market analysis, low-level design, systems testing, design review, implementation, requirement specification.3.How does a phased life cycle model assist software management?SOFTWARE METRICS1.What is McCabe’s cyclomatic number? Determine the same for:2.In Halstead’s metrices, what is the significance of : (i)operators and operands (ii)potential operands, (iii)Length (iv)Estimated length (v)Volume (vi)Potential volume (vii)Implementation Level3.How is effort and time calculated in Halstead method?4.Why is the number of decisions + 1 an important method for calculating McCabe’s cyclomatic no.? (Ans: It would be very time consuming to have to construct the control flow graph for large programs).5.Why is monotonicity an important characteristic of a size or effort metric such as Halstead’s effort metric? (Ans: If adding more code can cause the value of the effort metric to decrease, then the metric’s behavior is not understandable. It may also mean that the metric is manipulated).6.Why is complexity not readily measurable? (Ans: Complexity is not well defined and each one has different interpretation. It is interaction between person and code that makes it difficult to define). 7.Calculate McCabe’s complexity on the following source code. Draw a control flow graph. Read x,y,z;Type = ‘scalene’; If(x= =y or x= =z or y = =x) type = ‘isosceles’; If(x= =y or x= =z) type ‘equilateral’; If(x> =y+z or y > =x+z o r z>= x+y)) type ‘not a triangle’; If(x< =0 or y< =0 or| z

Nicotine Addictions

Nicotine addiction is a serious mental disease and illness. There are currently 1. 35 billion smokers in the world today and that number is increasing at an alarming rate. Nicotine related diseases are the number one killer in the world. It is responsible for more deaths each year than drug and alcohol abuse, car crashes, AIDS, murder and suicide put together. There are few ways to fight this addiction, like rehab, the nicotine patch, nicotine gum, or the new drug, Chantix. Nicotine addiction is a serious mental disease and illness and it affects all ages. To first understand nicotine addiction you first need to understand why we start smoking in the first place and why we get hooked. Most people start smoking to relieve stress or anxiety, other people want to lose weight, teens succumb to peer pressure or they’re trying to look cool. Have you ever wondered why it’s so hard to go without eating, why we feel anxiety when bored and an â€Å"aahh† sense of relief when we finish a task? This was dopamine. When we feel hunger our dopamine pathways are teasing us with anticipation, wanting for food. If we keep wanting the anticipation may build into urges or even craves. Each bite that we take or drag off a cigarette stimulates the dopamine until we had enough and have become satisfied. While family members and loved ones are screaming at the smoker to stop, their brain dopamine pathways are screaming even louder that continuing to smoke is important as life itself. Nicotine addiction is permanent, just like alcohol there is one rule when you quit, just using once you will have to go back. It does not matter how much will power we have, the years of smoking, the recorded years of nicotine feeding have wired your brain for relapse. If this is true, that no matter how much will power you have you will go relapse. Then why are some social smokers able to continue and stop like its nothing while the rest of the smoking population got hooked. These social smokers are referred to as â€Å"chippers. † These â€Å"chippers† account for less than 10% of all smokers. Being immune to nicotine addiction is thought to be from genetics. Smokers who are hooked tend to feel sorry for themselves atching 10% walk away like its nothing, little do they realize they were once chippers to, at least for their first couple of cigarettes. Nicotine addiction affects all ages, there are many children who smoke around the world, take for example Ardi Rizal. Ardi Rizal is a two year Indonesian baby who smokes about 2 packs a day or 40 cigarettes. Smoking is normal in Indonesia it is the world 3rd largest leading tobacco consuming country in the world. A lot of adults who are around children will smoke; they will carry a baby in one hand and a cigarette on the other. His mother wants Ardi to quit, but her motivation for Ardi to quit was more on the spending 4 dollars a day other than his health. If Ardi does not smoke he throws tantrums, he has a scar on his head from running into a wall during one of his tantrums, and he also vomits when he cannot satisfy his addiction. The government has offered to pay the family with a brand new car and 100 thousand dollars if they help the baby stop smoking. Nicotine addiction affects all ages. The road to recovery from nicotine addictions is very hard. The first few days might feel like an emotional train wreck on the average smoker but as each passing day the challenge begins to grow less intense. In fact there are more ex-smokers in the United States then there are smokers! There are roughly 70% of daily smokers who want to stop. But few realize that they’re dealing with a permanent disorder and disease of the mind. A puff of nicotine is all it takes for relapse to occur. Usually it takes multiple fail attempts for the user to actually find the key to success. Every recovery is different, it be days, weeks, months, maybe even years to successfully quit smoking, to not feel the desire of a cigarette. There many types of treatment but no cure, there is the nicotine patch, rehab, nicotine gum and Chantix, Chantix has a 50% chance to help the smoker. Nicotine addiction is a serious mental disease and illness. Nicotine related disease causes 440,000 thousand deaths per year, 36,666 thousand per month, 8,461 thousand per week, 1,205 thousand per day, 50 per hour, in the United States alone. It is the number one killer around the world. Every cigarette that you smoke cuts 5 minutes off your life, the same time it takes to smoke it. Smoking just doesn’t cut a few months off the end of your life; it reduces the life of the average smoker by 12 years. Most people don’t think when lighting up especially teenagers, they don’t care about the cancer it causes, the things that it does to your body and physical appearance, that’s how addicted they are. They willing to ignore these facts for a death trap called tobacco.

Ideas and Ideologies of Mill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ideas and Ideologies of Mill - Essay Example Later at the age of twenty Mill suffered a mental break down which made him conscious, that more was needed in life than devotion to the public good and an analytical intellect. He turned towards Coleridge, Carlyle, Wordsworth, and Goethe to cultivate his aesthetic sensibilities. From 1830 to his death, he tried to persuade the British public of the necessity of a scientific approach, h to understanding social, political and economic change while not neglecting the insights of poets and other imaginative writers. (The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy ed.) Mill was also strongly influenced by his wife Harriet Taylor and became more inclined and sympathetic towards socialism, womens rights and political and social reforms such as proportional representation, labour unions, and farm co-operatives. Mill use logic derived from the principles of the natural sciences to address questions of language and logic, induction, the relativity of knowledge, the structure of the scientific method, the structure of arithmetic and geometry, and the principles of the moral sciences. Mill was committed to the idea that our best methods of explaining the world are those employed by the natural sciences. His System of Logic 1843 was an account not only of logic, as the title implies, but of the methods of science and their applicability to social as well as purely natural phenomena. ‘The object of logic â€Å"is to ascertain how we come by that portion of our knowledge (much the greatest portion) which is not intuitive: and by what criterion we can, in matters not self-evident, distinguish between things proved and things not proved, between what is worthy and what is unworthy of belief.† (A System of Logic [System], I.i.1).

Networking 208 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Networking 208 - Case Study Example This would require a server room which shall control all the network connections. Once the server rooms are setup, LAN within the floors must be setup. Network troubleshooting is one another important aspect of network setup. In case of any issues such as heavy network traffic, the first thing to be done would be to increase the bandwidth or shutdown the network. As a part of the network Performance monitoring, the first task would be make sure that all the network resources are utilized only until its maximum threshold. It is of most importance that all the counters are not over utilized. Counters such as CPU utilization, memory availability, Disk utilization and network availability are the most important counters to be monitored. These form the basic core components for any network. Monitoring these components are the most important. Along with these, the network traffic, the performance of the routers, switches, adapters and the cables are to be monitored to keep the network perf ormance in

The Future of Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Future of Power - Essay Example However, other sources have disapproved this argument terming it as inappropriate. They argue that the rise of other countries does not necessarily result into the decline of the previously powerful countries. They went ahead to state that no single country however powerful it may be, can rise without the help of the other countries. The emergence of technology has played a great role in the rise of power in several countries. For instance the internet has been of significant influence in empowering various countries. Through the internet the world politics can be conducted from anywhere in the world. Similarly, countries have been able to analyze the economic status and foreign policies of rival countries through the internet. (Lundestad 24) A group of economists recently projected the economy of China would surpass that of the United States of America come the year 2027. But Joseph Nye has refuted these claims arguing that the Chinese economy would require stability in its military force similar to that of the U.S before it can catch up. They state further that the Chinese economy is yet to face setbacks such as social challenges that could see it tumble. There are other factors in China that are also believed to be capable of causing stagnation in its economic growth. These include: the rising of the urban middle class, the one child policy, regional inequality, high level of rural poverty and an uprooted working class. Joseph Nye believes that these factors will always have the per capita income of America being superior to that of China. The rise of the Chinese economy has not gone down well with many American citizens with the recent research implicating that many American view China as a constant threat to their economic security and jobs. America has been viewed as using its role as a superpower to earn political stability, democracy and economic supremacy in the world stage. The United States has been involved in several activities including invading o ther in the name of eradicating international terrorism and promoting positive relations among countries. However, many countries have viewed this as an effort by America to enhance its power across the globe and refused to support the globe. (Lundestad 34) The growth of the Chinese economy has caused ripples across the world with many viewing China as a future power house on the world stage. China has experienced tremendous economic growth and diplomacy in the twenty first century which has been of huge significance in the entire East Asia region. This is due to the emergence of several new economic activities in the region resulting into industrialization and hence emergence of several urban centers. This has resulted into China acquiring more credibility and influence in handling world matters. Questions have risen as to whether China will join the world super powers or try to surpass them. Many analysts believe that as China gets more powerful, it will try to use its influence t o change the policies used in the operations of the international system to favour its interests. This has been the trend by many of the reigning world super powers such the United States. The rise of China may cause tension in the world stage as the reigning super powers view as a constant security threat to their dominance across the globe. This is said to be as result of China’s rise from outside the established post World War II international order. The rapid growth in the economy of China is

Annotated Resource Folder Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Resource Folder - Annotated Bibliography Example who are conceptualizing racist-homophobic bullying, which according to Misawa, researchers have failed to offer the required limelight into the vice. The author highlights bullying issue in higher institutions where it is evident and based on the bases of race and sexuality. According to the article, institutions have the mandate of staging anti-bullying initiatives in their schools, which will discourage the vice from extending even in working places after schooling. Article’s arguing is valid coupled with its content, since it incorporates real examples of bullying victims, hence, shading light into the vice, which is widespread in educational institutions. The author via his study tries to erode the public’s perspective that only bullying in school is mostly among the children, but also is evident in higher institutions. Martin, C., & Martin, C. (2010). Bully for you: harassment and bullying in the workplace. British Journal Of Midwifery, 18(1), 25-31. This reference highlights the predicament of bullying and harassment, which midwives encounter while executing their daily duties. Bullying may take various forms in a workplace and encompass use of words or actions meant to humiliate the midwives. Primarily, this is by their superiors who threaten to fire them once they try to report to the relevant authorities. The authors elaborate how workplace bullying affects midwives mentally and physically, hence, rendering them unable to fulfill their obligations effectively. In addition, the article addresses how the superiors especially managers should handle their subjects. This includes effective mode of implementing policies and shunning all occasions that will seem to undermine their employees. The article highlights what midwives encounter while executing their duties plus its effects on mental and physical health. The authors have

Library Information Studies-Management of Information Agencies Assignment

Library Information Studies-Management of Information Agencies (Subject name)-Case study organisational culture - Assignment Example Currently, the organization faces challenges in technological and service delivery. There are hitches in communication with users. Furthermore, a majority of employees are about to retire. Additionally, poor management seems to be a concern from the previous management. There are several elements that denote the culture present in an organization. According to Daft (2007), beliefs, values, assumptions, language, rituals, physical structures and stories are the elements of organizational culture. These elements speak volumes about what an organization deems relevant as it runs its daily activities (Stueart, & Moran, 2007). Beliefs and values indicate what an organization guides its activities along. Furthermore, assumptions indicate what an organization takes to be critical in relation to its existence. Language, rituals, stories and physical structures refer to the artifacts of organizational culture. This means that there are routines and activities that denote an organization. Artifacts highlight the ability to attain the goals and objectives of an organization (Stueart, & Moran, 2007). In the context of the public library, in question, there are several elements that are clear. The elements are clear in the team and employee aspects of the organization. Additionally, the library seems to have been relying on an aging workforce. This is an element of organization culture that indicates the beliefs and values in relation to the workforce. However, the element of language comes out properly in relation to communication. The public library faces issues with meeting and communicating with user groups. The dwindling levels of communication indicate an issue with the culture of the organization at the moment. Additionally, the public library has issues relating with its physical structures. Physical structures denote the general outlook of an organization and the impact on performance. In this scenario, the library has many

Data analysis report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Data analysis - Lab Report Example According to Ajzen (1988); Ajzen (1991); O’Donnel et al. (1994) and Conner (1993), a persons planned behaviour change has a significant contribution to his/her attitudes towards various conditions. Further, to them, the success of the planned behaviour significantly depends on the social-economic situation of the person in the past, present and future aspirations. Ajzen and Driver (1991: 1992); Ajzen and Fishbein (1980); Dejoy and Wilson (1995); DeVellis et al. (1990) and Newcomb et al. (1992) support the above assertions arguing that if one plans to do away of a certain behaviour, then there are strings attached which range from financial stability to family cohesion. Further, intentions and wishes to abandon a certain habit depend on time and gender. From research, time affects any outcome since other factors come into play which might significantly affect the results or influence earlier readings/measurements. The way a person acts now has a significant bearing on how he/she will react in the near future as well as in a distant future. Godin et al. (1993); Adams (1994); Godin (1993) and Heatherton et al. (1991) argue that time lapse has effects not only on the results but also on the validity and reliability of research findings. This is so because of factorial design impacts on the end-term outcome. Gender on the other hand is a very important aspect to consider in planned behaviour changes as it is believed that females are better and more confident to follow a rule they had set than males as the later are easy to influence and change their track than females. Hellman et al. (1991); Godin et al. (1992); Liska (1984); MacKay (1994) and Joreskog and Sorbom (1993) is support of the above argument argue that females are more likely to convince of the negative impact of an habit than their male counterparts since they are most likely to give it a hearing

GBST300 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

GBST300 - Essay Example It absorbs several American citizens in its personnel lineup which contributes to increasing overall income distribution and reduces unemployment. Despite all its outlets spread across the world, it has the head office in US where all decisions are made with significant production process controlled from within. This means that significant returns from its outlets in other countries are repatriated back to USA which contributes to overall growth of economy. Walmart need to consider its stand on environmental care and corporate social responsibility which will address the importance of the society on its existence. There is also the need to improve employment terms as this is critical to its sustained performance and overall public image. The emerging trend in business society where organization rating is pegged on commitment to the society besides shareholders welfare put Walmart in a place to care about the welfare of the society on top of the shareholders. This emerging approach is subject to the market trend. The increasing dynamism in the global businesses practices does not promise consistent sourcing and such treatment of employees. It is therefore important to note that Walmart is increasingly becoming under the global spotlight on some of its practices hence push to

Global Enterprise and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Enterprise and Innovation - Essay Example The world has witnessed major changes in the global marketplace since the 1980s (Chai 1998). Liberalisation of capital markets and world trade encouraged by globalisation has produced a new competitive field for all businesses. With the development towards more interdependence among countries, a number of adjustments in the business setting have appeared. There has been an appearance of international markets for financial investment, labour, products, and services. The demands of consumers all over the world have met. Growing liberalisation of trade and investment promoted by developments in communication and transportation technologies has led to even more global business transactions. These developments have resulted in two major impacts of globalisation, namely, (1) global market opportunities, and (2) global market threats. It is clear that the process of globalisation not just provides more opportunities to business organisations, but greater degree of threats as well. Although opportunities can be created by globalisation, instability and competition are unavoidable. Even though largely cited in earlier literature, studies connecting these influences to business performance remain limited. This requires more research on the relationships between globalisation and firm performance. These two areas will be discussed in relation to international business activities in China. The Impact of Legal and Political Environment of China on Business Activities Because economic change started in 1978, the Chinese government has intentionally initiated commercial and legal reforms in order to exploit the economic interest of China, both locally and internationally (Guthrie 2008). Loosening of regulations on foreign direct investment (FDI), changing State ownership and economic liberalisation in general are just practical instruments. The government views the free market as a way to achieve its goals, not as an ideological tool (Wei & Xiaming 2001). The policies will tr ansform whenever it is believed that it is important to do so. The Chinese government is acting in harmony with Confucianism; laissez-faire capitalism is applied to create wealth (Wei & Xiaming 2001), but it is the state’s duty to make sure that the produced wealth is spent for the most needed goals. New policies on FDI are proclaimed almost every year and smaller regulatory reforms more frequently than that. The 1990s also witnessed the start of a development towards power devolution to local and regional governments (Xiaojuan 2003). Hence, one of the most important rules of dealing with the Chinese government is to acknowledge that various departments at various levels could have the right to meddle with business activities. And, they could each be operating towards completely distinct objectives. The Chinese government has major powers. It can turn down future projects, and it can remove permits from current ones. In 1996, on a single day, the Tianjin government remove per mits for numerous joint ventures, because of conflicts between partners and/or problem with productivity (Ambler & Witzel 2003). Government also has major influence. As different from power, this implies that the Chinese gover

Alcohol and the American Colonists Essay Example for Free

Alcohol and the American Colonists Essay American history shows that our ancestors were heavy drinkers. Why did the colonists drink so much? To understand the logic of our ancestors heavy drinking, we think about colonial life. What drinking resources were available to them? What kind of life did they live? New England water was polluted and cow’s milk caused â€Å"sickness† (tuberculosis). New England had cold winters. What did they have to keep warm? Whatever dangers heavy drinking may have presented to the early American colonists, the dangers were minimal compared to the useful benefits alcohol provided them. Drinking resources were limited in colonial times. As Brown states, â€Å"Two typical New England facts brought about polluted water: Indians and the weather. † The Indians had a reputation of stealing, and when the colonists weren’t worried about the Indians the threat of winter brought snow and cold temperatures. Many colonists had wells available for water. Brown describes the water quality in Wines and Beers of New England: â€Å"Wells were either next to the house, usually in and attached shed, or right inside. Sanitary requirements were unknown. The customary way of dealing with human wastes was to use a â€Å"chamber pot,† which was emptied onto the animal dung heap, often very close to the water supply. Yet the farmers needed to quench their thirst, and although secondarily the alcohol in beer wine, and cider must have helped make the rugged unpleasantness of their lives more endurable, primarily the alcohol was a preservative for their drinks. † Alcohol was accessible and didn’t pose a threat to the colonists. â€Å"It was more than a luxury,† â€Å"it was a necessity. † (Lender and Martin 2) The main concern of American colonists was farming. War was also going on. Farmers turning into soldiers being sent to fight. These were depressing times especially during winter months. How were these soldiers to keep warm? If we think about it a fire would give away their position and they had no shelter. Written by John Brown in Early American Beverages, â€Å"Exposed to the rigors of freezing and sub-zero temperatures, at times, a bit of rum or wine provided a warming stimulant and may have prevented pneumonia. † For the soldiers alcohol was a necessity. Our colonial ancestors were heavy drinkers. Alcohol was beneficial, and it was only logical to the colonists for alcohol to be a major part of an everyday diet. Alcohol provided warmth in the cold, no expiration, happiness in war, and hydration for farmers. The dangers of alcohol were minimal in comparison to the other drinking sources. Works Cited: Brown, John H. Early American Beverages. New York: Bonanza, 1966. Print. Brown, Sanborn. Wines Beers of Old New England A How-To-Do-It History . Hanover, NH: The UP of England, 1978. Print. Lender, Mark E. , and James K. Martin. Drinking in America: A History. 2nd ed. New York: Free Press, 1987. Print.

How Sleeping Hours Affect Students Studies

How Sleeping Hours Affect Students Studies STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE I HOW SLEEPING HOURS AFFECT STUDENTS’ STUDIES IN UTAR PERAK CAMPUS FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE TITLE : HOW SLEEPING HOURS AFFECTS STUDENTS’ STUDIES IN UTAR PERAK CAMPUS Index Abstract Sleep deprivation and poor sleep quality affect the study performances of students. The purpose of this statistical study is to determine whether the amount of sleeping hours affect the students’ studies of UTAR Perak Campus. It is hypothesized that participants who have lower sleep deprivation and higher sleep quality will perform better in their studies than those who experience higher sleep deprivation and lower sleep quality. Introduction According to Gilbert and Weaver (2010), human bodies require not only basic needs of air, water and food to function well but also sufficient sleep as it is important for learning, memory consolidation, critical thinking and decision making. For optimal functioning in academic, sleep is essential. Sleep deprivation is now widely recognized as one of the significant public health issues not only among students but people of all ages and groups. Some shows excessive sleepiness and this is then related to not the quantity of sleep obtained but the quality of sleep. (Gilbert Weaver, 2010) Both sleep deprivation and poor sleep quality are prominent among students because often they have irregular sleep patterns due to the workloads from their study schedule and also clubs’ activities. This resulted in them having short sleep lengths in the weekdays and also later wake-up time on weekends. (Gilbert Weaver, 2010) It is recognized by university psychologists that student academic performance is being negatively affected by poor sleep quality and/or sleep deprivation. Though depression is also one of the factor that affects academic performances of students, sleep quality may even be more significant of a factor than depression in affecting students’ studies. (Gilbert Weaver, 2010) It is found that impact of sleepiness on mood is large as higher negative mood states are being reported by students who fell asleep during class. Research Questions Will sleeping hours affect the academic performance of students of UTAR Perak Campus? Researchers want to find out how different amount of sleeping hours affect the studies of students. What are the factors that affect the quantity of students’ sleeping hours ? Researchers are interested in finding factors which will affect both the quality and quantity of students’ sleeping hours which will then leads to affecting the students’ studies. Will a students sleeping habit being influenced by friends and family? Researchers are keen to know to the extent of how friends and family will affect a student’s sleeping habit. How many hours of sleep do the male and female students need per day ? Researchers want to study about the amount of sufficient sleeping hours required by female and male students. What are the differences in CGPA scores of both male and female students according to the amount of sleeping hours they have ? The researchers are keen to study the differences in CGPA score obtained by both genders of students according to the amount of sleeping hours they have. Literature Review Sleep is very important to a human being’s health. The consequences of sleep manifest in both health and performance. The relationships between sleep and performance have been studied in many different fields including human science, medicine, psychology, education, and business and etc. Sleep-related variables for instance sleep deficiency, sleep quality, sleep habits have been shown to influence the performance of students (Lack, 1986; Mulgrew et al., 2007; National Sleep Foundation, 2008; Pilcher Huffcutt, 1996; Rosekind et al., 2010). According to Weitzman et al. (1981) , Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS) was defined into three big categories which are long sleep latency on weekdays (normally fall asleep between 2 a.m. to 6 a.m.), normal sleep length on weekends (usually sleep late and wake up late on weekends); and difficulty in staying asleep. These sleep problem is common and is present in students around the world. Results indicates that in the U.S., 11.5% of undergraduate students were found to have DSPS (Brown, Soper, Buboltz, 2001). Not only that , Australian studies found the prevalence of DSPS in students (17%) to be higher than in adults (6-7%) (Lack, 1986; Lack, Miller, Turner, 1988). Studies related to DSPS have also been conducted in other countries such as Japan, Norway, and Taiwan (Hazama, Inoue, Kojima, Ueta, Nakagome, 2008; Schrader, Bovim, Sand, 1993; Yang, Wu, Hsieh, Liu, Lu, 2003). Furthermore, In Lack’s (1986) study, the DSPS group experienced sleepiness on weekdays more often rather than the non-DSPS group. In addition, , it was found that members of the DSPS group performed at a lower level academically when compared with the non-DSPS group when course grades were examined . In a more recent study, Trockel et al. (2000) found that first-year college students with lower GPAs reported later bedtimes on weekdays and weekends and later wake-up times on weekdays and we ekends. On the other hand, the relationship between sleep and academic performance was reviewed in other studies . Approximately 103 studies related to sleep loss, learning capacity, and academic performance; samples were carried out among students in different university by Curcio, Ferrara, and Gennaro (2006). According to Curcio, Ferrara, and Gennaro (2006), sleep loss was negatively correlated with academic performance. Results indicates that sleep-deprived students performed poorly on learning capacity skills for instance attention, memory, and problem-solving tasks, and that the lack of sleep therefore indirectly affected their academic performance. Sleep deprivation is a term meaning loss of sleep Drummond and McKenna (2009) . Moreover, sleep loss resulted in daytime sleepiness that was also correlated with poor academic performance studies showed a significant relationship between lower GPA and lack of sleep among college students. The Multiple Sleep Latency Test was an instrument use d to evaluate daytime sleepiness, which has been used by previous researchers (Carskadon, Harvey, Dement, 1981; Fallone, Acebo, Arnedt, Seifer, Carskadon, 2001; Randazzo, Muehlbach, Schweitzer, Walsh, 1998). On the other hand, another study was conducted to determine the various sleep patterns in medical students appearing in various ongoing professional at Shifa College of College of Medicine, Islamabed and to find out relationship between number of hours of sleep before an examination with academic performance in relevant exam. Majority of the students had reduced sleep in exam days and its reason was found to be studying late at night before paper and academic performance. There have been various reasons for decreased sleep in university and college students including watching TV and using the internet. A study done in a Pakistani medical university indicated that 58.9 per cent of the university and college students the most common cause of sleep deprivation was watching television and listening to music affects the students slept less than 8 hours a day . In addition, stress, in university and college students, is also a very essential contributing factor in inability to sleep at nig ht. Consumption of caffeine , pain killers, substance abuse and smoking at night to keep them awake is also another trend seen among students. This greatly contributes to sleeplessness at night among students and affects their academic performances adversely. (Oshodi OY, Aina OF, Onajole AT, Omvik S, Pallesen S, Bjorvatn B, Thayer J, Nordhus H. Qureshi AU, Ali AS, Hafeez A, Ahmed TM ). Moreover, the study showed that students who achieved good grade (A, B) were those who slept for more than 7 hours but those who majority failed in exam, were also mostly those who slept less. However, a similar study done in USA showed that students who had struggling grades (C’s D’s / F’s) were those who slept significantly less than those who scored A and B grades ( Wolfson AR, Carskadon MA). According to the study, student slept an average of only 4.74 hours before the exam and females slept less (4.71+1.82 hours) as compared to males (4.77+3.27 hours ). This was similar to a cross sectional study done in Sao Paulo, which showed that boys slept about 390 minutes. However, their academic performance was not affected by the disturbance in the sleep cycle. Furthermore, another research was done with 103 samples of undergraduate classes of University of Minnesota.This study separate unhealthy sleep habits into two categories which are quality and quantity of sleep. In this study, the survey asked questions related to their sleep habits in term of quality and quantity of sleep which separately measured in order to break up the term of â€Å"unhealthy sleep habits† and analysed this topic by using a different method compare to past research. In this research, the researchers found that sleep quantity and academic performance are related. This research shown that have the relation between part of sleep deprivation measures for the average week and the average amount of sleep obtained in a night and GPA. This result helps the college student by practical applications. From this research, the researchers found that amount of sleep and academic success are positively correlated, although cannot conclude that sleep better, score better in exam. Methodology Participants of the Study There are 50 participants in this study. They are degree students from University Tunku Abdul Rahman (Kampar) who are from faculty of art social science (FAS), faculty of business and finance (FBF), faculty of information communication and technology (FICT), institute of Chinese studies (ICS) and faculty of science (FSC). Their age range is from 20-24. Besides, there are 5 male and 5 female from each faculty. Instruments Our questionnaire consist of 15 closed-ended questions and each question involved different level of measurement such as nominal, ordinal, interval and ration scale.Our demographic details are gender, age, courses of studies and CGPA comprised in the questionnaire. ‘Sleep measures’ consists measurement of Total Sleep Time (TST), Sleep Onset Latency (SOL), Sleep Efficiency (SE) and Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO). It is determined by the Cole-Kripke (1992). Total Sleep Time (TST), which is duration of time actigraphically-determined as â€Å"sleep† within a 24-hour period, including daytime and nighttime periods of sleep. Sleep Onset Latency (SOL), which is time used between getting into bed and falling asleep, calculated as the time used from the start of actigraphically-determined â€Å"inactivity† to the first minute scored as sleep. We only refer TST and SOL among the four measurements in our questionnaire (question 2 and question3). To measure the sleep quality of students, we decided to use the Adult Sleep–Wake Scale (ADSWS). It is a self-report pencil-and-paper measure of sleep quality consisting of  ¬Ã‚ ve behavioral dimensions, which are Going to Bed, Falling Asleep, Maintaining Sleep, Reinitiating Sleep, and Returning to Wakefulness. The questionnaire consists of time taken to fall asleep at night (range from 1 hour), the amount of sleeping hours required in order to function well on the following day (range from Procedure We are curious about how sleeping hours affect students’ studies, so we came out our research questions. After that, we set our questionnaires and printed out for the participants. We select randomly 5 male and 5 female from each faculty. Our questionnaire also include inform consent for the participants. On average, each participant took about 10 to 15 minutes to complete our questionnaire. Once they completed their questionnaire, we collect the data immediately. Data Analysis Figure 1.Amount of sleeping hours affecting students’ studies Figure 1 shows the CGPA scores obtained by students of UTAR Kampar campus according to the amount of sleeping hours they have. Students are likely to obtained highest CGPA score range of 3.50 to 4.0 when they obtained seven to eight hours of sleep per day. Figure 2.Factors affecting the quality and quantity of students’ sleeping hours Figure 2 shows the factors that affect the quality and quantity of students’ sleeping hours. 34% of the total of 50 students chose homework as the biggest factor that affects their sleeping hours whereas only 6% of them chose co-curriculum as the factor that is affecting their sleeping hours. Other factors include being night owls, socializing with friends and time management Figure 3.Will a student’s sleeping habit being influenced by friends and family. Figure 3 shows that 11 male and 13 female students stated that their sleeping hours were influenced by friends and family while 4 male and 7 female students stated that their sleeping hours were not being influenced by friends and family. Figure 4.Amount of sleeping hours required between different genders of students Figure 4 shows that 13 male and 11 female students stated that they require seven to eight hours of sleep per day while only 2 male and 1 female students require less than five hours of sleep per day. Figure 5 shows the CGPA score obtained by both male and female students according to the amount of sleeping hours per day. Figure 5 shows that 10 male and 6 female students who had seven to eight hours of sleep per day score an average CGPA at the range of 2.20-2.99 while only 2 male students who had the same amount of sleeping hours score the lowest range of CGPA at 0.00-1.99. Only 1 male student who had less than five hours of sleep had a CGPA score range of 2.20-2.99 and 1 female student who had the same amount of sleeping hours had a CGPA score range of 3.00-3.49.

The Importance Of A Business Strategy

The Importance Of A Business Strategy Travis Bell Deborah Thigpen Why Is Strategy Important To Business? Introduction Vital arranging is necessary to business achievement. It includes vision, mission and outside-of-the-crate considering. Essential arranging is characterized as the arrangement of choices and activities that outcome in the detailing and usage of agreements intended to accomplish an organizations targets. Be that as it may, without knowing where you need to go, making subtle elements on the most proficient method to land at a goal is good for nothing. Key arranging depicts the bearing to where your organization is heading. The Fundamental Parts of the Vital Administration Prepare Functional-level procedures are worried about dealing with the useful zones of the association, for example, item or administration improvement and configuration, advertising and sales, fund, HR, creation, innovative work, and so forth., so that each capacity maintains to specific specialty unit methodologies and the general corporate-level system. Functional procedures are fundamentally worried about these matters: Productively sending authorities inside the functional range. Incorporating exercises inside the utilitarian region. Ensuring that useful procedures connect successfully and proficiently with business techniques and the general corporate-level methodology. Business-level systems are like corporate-techniques in that they concentrate on overall execution. As particular from corporate-level technique, be that as it may, they focus on only one rather than a scope of organizations. The corporate level methodology of a multi-division operation resembles a system for dealing with a speculation portfolio. Specialty units are typically singular venture like substances arranged toward an industry, item or administration sort, and additionally, advertise. Business-level methodologies are in this manner mostly worried about these things: Overseeing unit exercises, so they adjust to hierarchical corporate level techniques, in some cases incorporating collaboration with different specialty groups to accomplish key cooperative energy. Creating capacities, assets, and the upper hand in every unit. Recognizing item or administration showcase openings and creating techniques for prevailing in each. Checking the business condition with the goal that methodologies fit in with the requirements of the firm sectors at the present phase of advancement. Corporate level procedure covers the critical extent of the association all in all. For most associations, the necessary organizational arrangement is the primary key agreement required. Regularly technique at the corporate level is mainly alluded to as a corporate procedure, or in brought together organizations the corporate business system. The method that produces it is called vital corporate arranging, or in some cases primarily corporate arranging. In a couple of circumstances anyway, it might be defended to talk about the business level system to recognize it from different sorts of arranging. The Significance of Having a Business Methodology A business system, in straightforward terms, is an archived anticipate how an association is embarking to accomplish their objectives. A business procedure contains a various key rule that diagrams how an organization will approach achieving these goals. For instance, it will clarify, how to manage your rivals, take a gander at the necessities and desires of clients, and will analyze the long-haul development and supportability of their association. The motivation behind why having a procedure is so vital is because it gives business time to get a feeling of how they are performing, what their capacities are, and if these abilities can help them develop. The Associations Vision, Mission, Reason, Qualities, Objectives, and Theory Even though we habitually discuss mission and vision in the first place, the major primary establishment for both is our center qualities. Center classes are the standards and norms at the extremely focal point of our character, and from which we wont move or stay. Center classes are to a significant degree stable and change just gradually over drawn out stretches of time. Center qualities frame the premise of our convictions about existence, ourselves and people around us, and the human capability of ourselves as well as other people. Conditions and opinions shape our states of mind and guide our conduct. The practices we take part in are what individuals around us see, alongside our abilities and activities. Our external or open shell of practices and attitude can change quickly and drastically through our lives, impacted by our condition and guided by our steadier center qualities and convictions. Vision While a mission is an announcement of what is, a dream is a prediction of what or how you might want things to be. A photo without bounds youre attempting to make, what you need to be the point at which you grow up, what you need your business to turn into. Without a dream of where youre going how might you build up an arrangement to arrive and in what capacity will you know when youve reached? Without a dream of where we might want to be, we can keep climbing different trails through life, climbing mountain after mountain, just to find each time that weve arrived someplace we honestly would prefer not to be. A statement of purpose mirrors the center qualities and convictions of the People who lead the business. To the degree, there are huge contrasts between a ranch reason and an individual mission, or between homestead business qualities and single center qualities, there will be disagreement and grinding for that person inside the firm. Regardless of whether youre a proprietor, a worker or an advisor, one approach to help guarantee satisfaction and satisfaction at work is to be sure your qualities and mission are in arrangement with those of the business. Individuals have been known to end up plainly physically sick from the worry of working in a business where their center qualities were inconsistent with the qualities and morals rehearsed in the firm. The Key Procedure As Contribution For Future Basic Leadership 2 Objectives and targets make the nibble measure pieces, the guide furthermore, sensible venturing stones to accomplish the mission, make the vision a reality, furthermore, explore the course we have set for our business, or for ourselves. The Associations Vision, Mission, Reason, Qualities, Objectives, and Theory To begin with, mission and vision give a vehicle to imparting an associations motivation and qualities to every single key partner. Partners are those key gatherings who have some impact over the association or stake in its future. You will take in more about partners and partner examination later in this section; nonetheless, for the time being, suffice it to state that some key partners are workers, clients, financial specialists, providers, and establishments, for example, governments. Commonly, these announcements would be broadly coursed and talked about frequently so that their importance is comprehended, shared, and disguised. The better workers comprehend an associations motivation, through its main goal and vision, the better capable they will be to comprehend the procedure and its execution. Second, mission and vision make an objective for strategy improvement. That is, one rule of a decent arrangement is how well it helps the firm accomplish its order and vision. To better comprehend the relationship among mission, vision, and technique, it is here and there accommodating to imagine them all in all as a pipe. At the broadest piece of the pipe, you discover the contributions to the statement of purpose. At the smaller piece of the pipe, you find the vision proclamation, which has refined down the mission in a way that it can direct the improvement of the system. In the tightest piece of the pipe, you discover the methodology it is clear and unequivocal about what the firm will do, and not do, to accomplish the vision. Vision explanations additionally give an extension between the mission and the methodology. In that sense the best vision proclamations make pressure and fretfulness about the present state of affairs that is, they ought to cultivate a soul of constant adva ncement and change Conclusion To be compelling objectives and goals must be composed. On the off chance that they arent in composing, theyre only thoughts with no absolute power or conviction behind them. Composed objectives and destinations give the inspiration to accomplish them and can then be utilized as a suggestion to you and others. Plainly and expressly composed, they likewise wipe out disarray and misjudging. In like manner in business, its troublesome or difficult to concede to important or even strategic choices if everybody in the firm proprietors, chiefs, relatives, workers are not all headed in a similar course, at a similar mission and vision. On the off chance that a family, business, or a group doesnt have a typical heading mission, vision and center qualities contentions will happen to encompass about each choice, and assertions might be unthinkable. Creating shared mission, vision and qualities is the initial phase of establishing a framework for settling on important and strategic choices that will advance the business. Having them set up wont dispose of contentions and differences, yet in any event, the contradiction will be about how to best get to a similar endpoint rather than heading in inverse bearings. References Why Business Strategy Is Important? Evolve. evolve. N.p., 2017. Web. 25 Mar. 2017. Corporate Level Strategy Guides The Organization As A Whole. Simply-strategic-planning.com. N.p., 2017. Web. 26 Mar. 2017. Principles Of Management 1.0 | Flatworld. FlatWorld. N.p., 2017. Web. 27 Mar. 2017.

when it was a game :: essays research papers

When It Was A Game I have been a fan of the game of baseball for 25 years. I played little league baseball for Ocean View Little League in Huntington Beach, California in the early1980s, and four years of high school baseball at Ocean View High in the late 80s to the early 90s. Baseball has been an intricate part of my life ever since. While thumbing through a box in my garage the other day, I came across my old little league year book from 1984. Seeing myself in a baseball uniform at 10 years old was quite amusing. I flipped through the rest of the book, laughing at the way my family and friends dressed in the 80s. I was reminded of a quote my grandmother used to say, â€Å"The more things change, the more they stay the same.† My grandmother is a huge baseball fan. My grandmother grew up in South Central Los Angeles and used to watch the Los Angeles Dodgers play throughout the 60s, 70s, and 80s. I distinctly remember my grandmother and I watching Kirk Gibson hit the game winning home run for the Dodgers against the Oakland A’s in the 1988 Word Series. She is a huge Dodger fan, however, since I played on the A’s in little league that year, I rooted for the A’s. To this day, my grandmother will not pass up an opportunity to remind me of who won that game. My grandmother said to me the other day, â€Å"They don’t make them like they used to†; she was referring to the 1988 Dodger team, as opposed to the teams of today. I think she has a point to an extent; however, I can see the similarities and the differences in the game of the 80s and the sport it has become in the new millennium. The game has changed in some ways, but for the most part, it has stayed the same. The rules are the same as in the 80s. It is still 90feet to first base, 60 foot 6 inches from the pitchers mound to home plate, and you still only get three strikes and four balls. Today, you can still go to the ballpark and get a soda, peanuts, Cracker Jacks, cotton candy, and a hot dog, just like when I was a kid in the 80’s. You can still go to the game early and see the teams take batting practice, and if your lucky, get an autograph or two.

photo plan Essays -- essays research papers

1.0: Executive Summary 2.0: Company Overview Market Opportunity Explanation Legal Form of the Business Company Location History Growth and Financial Objectives Manager Information 3.0: Market Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Analysis of the Industry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Target Market/Customer Profile   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Competition 4.0: Service Offering   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Uniqueness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Description   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Competitive Comparison 5.0: Marketing Plan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Customer creation and retention   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pricing Positioning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Delivery   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Promotion 6.0: Financial Plan and Analysis 7.0: Cost Assumptions  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.0 Executive Summary Lifetime Memories Photography is a small business that provides photography services (with a focus on weddings) to clients looking for high quality, fair price, and great service. Lifetime Memories is organized as a sole proprietorship, with Mike ______ as the owner and sole employee. He does all the photography for the events as well as taking reservations, purchasing equipment, and doing the business? books. Mike ______ will be contributing his own capital to the business for start-up costs, and has secured financing from several other sources, but will still need $10,000 in start-up costs. This business will be run from Leicester MA.. To start, Lifetime Memories marketing plan will focus on advertising in local areas like Worcester, Auburn, Shrewsbury and other surrounding towns. The advertising will emphasize the company?s lower price, its quality, and its high value to people who need event photography done, such as wedding planners and birthday party organizers. There are several competitors in the local area that will be targeted, but these competitors, being better established and having retail locations, will charge more than Lifetime Memories plans on charging. There is an opportunity to enter the market and succeed where these other competitors are lacking, this mainly being low price and a guaranteed high quality, professional service. Lifetime Memories vision is to provide the best photography se... ...02 2003 2004 Beginning Cash Balance $4,500.00 $10,758.00 19,086.00 Cash from Operations 11,240.00 13,455.00 15,670.00 Total Available Cash 15,740.00 24,213.00 34,756.00 Less: Capital Expenditures 0 0 0 Operating Expenses 4,780.00 5,015.00 5,170.00 Interest 112.00 112.00 112.00 Dividends 0 0 0 Debt Retirement 0 0 0 Other 0 0 0 Total Disbursements 4,982.00 5,127.00 5,170.00 Cash Surplus 10,758.00 19,086.00 29,586.00 Add: Short Term Loans 0 0 0 Long Term Loans 0 0 0 Capital Stock Issues 0 0 0 Total Additions 0 0 0 Ending Cash Balance 10,758.00 19,086.00 29,586.00 Cost List: Location Utility costs (electricity, gas, phone, etc.): $250/month Transportation Maintenance: $30/month Insurance: $75.00/month Supplies/Delivery/Development Film: $10.00 per 96 exposures Photo Albums: $20.00 Website maintenance: $200.00/year Development solutions/chemicals: $50.00/wedding (increases with II and III type weddings) Photo paper: $50.00/wedding (increases with II and III type weddings) Miscellaneous costs (food on way to wedding, lodging if overnight accommodations necessary): $60.00/wedding Advertising Brochures: $200.00 Business Cards: $45.00 Newspapers: $100.00/year

Crucible VS. McCarthyism

The main difference between McCarthyism and the Crucible is that McCarthyism was a real political period in the United States when Senator McCarthy tried to scare people that communism was leaking into our government but as for the crucible it was a group of people that was just accusing other people of witchcraft. While the Salem witch trials occurred in the late 1600’s, a similar unfortunate situation occurred in the 1950’s with McCarthyism. The Salem witch trials shared many common characteristics.The similarities include continuous accusations, leading politicians, and the reaction to witchcraft and communism. The Salem witch trials and McCarthyism both involved ongoing accusations that led to numerous innocent people being accused and prosecuted. In The Crucible, local people accuse women and men in Salem of witchcraft. When the teenage girls first accuse Tituba, the Reverend’s housekeeper, a chain of accusations begin. To avoid death, Tituba accused others in the town causing each of the accused to place blame on others.The Crucible is a metaphor for the accusations made in the 1950’s during the McCarthyism era. Senator Joseph McCarthy led the series of allegations with a list of people he felt were related somehow to communism. The list that was made grew as more people accused others for personal revenge. These continuous accusations went on until the original list of over 200 grew to almost 10,000. The accusations would not have led to any consequences without a leader to oversee the proceedings. Both the Salem witch trials and McCarthyism had instigators who fueled the hysteria.The Crucible’s judge supervising the trials of those charged of witchcraft. He not only supervised the trials, he set the punishments for those convicted of witchcraft. It was the judge who decided who was to get what punishment although all accused were innocent. The modern Judge Daniforth is Senator Joseph McCarthy who watched over the 1950à ¢â‚¬â„¢s McCarthyism era. During the McCarthyism era, Senator McCarthy oversaw the proceedings and created the House Un-American Committee. Senator McCarthy directed the questioning to all those accused of association with communism.The Salem witch trials and McCarthyism pretty much go hand in hand. During the witch trials everybody started accusing everybody else of witchcraft. During the McCarthyism era, Senator McCarthy started accusing people of being communists. Senator McCarthy also made up most of the statements he said about the supposed communists. Senator McCarthy is a guy that was known for lying and never telling the truth. A lot of people were executed and basically everyone was killed. They both had leaders causing public hysteria against the accused. Then people realized that there was no proof.Also people that were accused had no say if they were guilty weather they were or not. The similarities begin with a culture of panic. Both instances are characterized by this. The Salem Witch Trials were the result of a concerted effort to find witches brought on by panic. The same was true for Senator McCarthy in the Senate. He was on a mission to find communists and rallied a panicked public around him. The hysteria in Salam led to many people being accused of witchcraft and hanged. McCarthyism was fueled by hysteria because people accused others of being Communists. Both were fueled by paranoia and mass hysteria.The McCarthy Hearings were referred to as â€Å"witch hunts† because of their similarity to the Salem witch trials. They both struck fear in the people due to the â€Å"guilty until you confess† attitude which controlled the courts. In Salem the only way to escape death was to confess and repent; in the McCarthy hearings if you were accused, whether guilty or not, you would always be viewed as a Communist. McCarthy also relates to Abigail in The Crucible, because they both made false accusations against innocent people. McCarthy accused people of being communists, whereas Abigail accused people of using witchcraft.Of course, the events were very different in results and reasons, but the main idea of seeking and hunting down the people who represent different ideals is the same. In both cases, the leaders were looking for people to blame their own fears and lack of certainty on. It was with the Salem witch trials that people from one side of town were accused of being witches, not because they had done anything related to witchcraft, but because they or their families occupied valuable land that the accusers or their masters or friends were seeking to purchase at low prices.By associating the land with witchcraft, the value of the property was greatly decreased. If the woman was found guilty of witchcraft, they and their families could be stripped of their property making it easier to be acquired by those seeking to own it. Senator McCarthy managed to form a senate commission to investigate the spread of com munism in the USA, putting particular focus and emphasis on the entertainment industry. This effectively ended their ability to perform or earn a living under their own names, as they were blacklisted by the industry to assuage McCarthy's perceived political masters.

LPN vs. RN career Essay

Many students go to college to obtain some kind of degree, wether it be business,  nursing, electronics, or many more. The medical ï ¬ eld is a very signiï ¬ cant ï ¬ eld, and where a lot of job opportunities available. In the medical ï ¬ eld a person can have many varieties of designation, and earn a lot of income for their families. I personally want to become a RN which stands for a registered nurse, and specialize in anesthetics. Another designation is a LPN which is a licensed practical nurse. LPNs and RNs have a lot of similarities and differences in their positions of work, and study. These similarities and differences would consist of education, responsibilities, and the income for both occupations. The main difference between the LPN vs. RN career path way is the degree that is  earned. RNs receive a professional nursing degree, while LPNs receive a practical nursing degree. A professional nursing degree contains a lot more courses, so it takes a lot longer time to complete than a practical nursing degree. These course would consist of a lot more math, science to obtain a professional nursing degree. However, with either choice the NCLEX exam is required, and must be answered correctly in order to become either a LPN or a RN. Educationally, LPN’s should attend one year of vocational training to obtain their title. Registered nurses must go to nursing school for about two years to get their Associates Degree or four years to get their BSN. Another difference is the responsibilities each title has. RNs educates, treats, and  depending on licensed diagnoses patients. Usually, a RN evaluates a patient  to understand patients’ symptoms. They form a treatment plan or alter one. A RN also manages a LPN and authorizes task involving patient care. RNs offer comfort and advice about handling a family members sickness. A LPN also assist patients who are wounded, ill or taken care of by a RN. The LPN ï ¬ nishes crucial nursing duties. They document patients’ height, weight, blood pressure, temperature, and pulse. They assist patients with personal hygiene, daily activities, and elevation in bed. The LPN may give patients food, if they need help. Also, a LPN performs medical duties such as providing the patient with shots, changing dressings, and supervise medical equipment. The last difference between RNs and LPNs is how much income they make. Even though salaries can change greatly for these occupations based on geography, types, special areas and other factors, altogether, registered nurses are reimbursed greater because they are accredited to take on extra patient care responsibilities. The national average income is between $31,800 and $44,300 year for LPNs. Registered Nurses take home average incomes ranging between $46,500 and $66,800 per year. In conclusion, there are many difference between LPNs and RNs. If wanting to get paid more I suggest people go for their RN. LPNs are right under a RN and get paid a little bit less than a RN. Working in the medical ï ¬ eld is a wonderful job and I suggest it to anyone. RN takes a lot more schooling and a stronger education.

Mindless of Society Essay

One theme Ray Bradbury developed in the novel Fahrenheit 451 is â€Å"mindless of mass culture†. In the novel is a city where no emotion exists, and where the society is happy, but realizing that the society is actually miserable. People are antisocial and are mindless zombies. Individuals can just enter your house without telling any details on what there are doing. Ray Bradbury had shown the theme mindlessness of mass culture is using metaphors, similes, and foreshadowing. Ray Bradbury has created a character names Beatty, who is the chief of the fire department, states a metaphor of mindlessness of mass culture. Beatty tells Montag. â€Å"If you don’t want a house built, hide the nails and wood. If you don’t want a man happy politically, don’t give him two sides of a question to worry him; give him one. Better yet, give him none. † This quote is saying to not give humans an answer to think of. If a person has the answer to a question, someone else could possibly argue with their opinion and cause a commotion. That is why in Fahrenheit 541, that society is a place not to think and react. Another way Ray Bradbury has shown the mindless mass culture is though the character Faber. Faber is an old man and a friend to Montag, He compares how book are almost the same as society. How books need quality, able to understand and those are something that you need to find in people. Faber tell Montag, â€Å"Number one: Books have to have to have quality. Number two: One needs leisure to digest it. Number three: One needs the right to carry out actions based on what they have learned from the first and second lesson. † Books are compared to how people are in the present and how books are not needed because the current technology which the society has will start replacing books. Eventually books will not be need is in life. Another way the mindless of mass culture is shown in Fahrenheit 451 is when Clarisse had died. Clarisse is a 17 year old girl, who is different from everyone in the society in Fahrenheit 451. She was a person who liked to question things in society or anything that goes around her. She was a very intelligent person, but a tragic event happened. She died and no one knows if she had committed suicide or if someone had killed her. Milderd the wife of Montag tells him, â€Å"Whole family moved out somewhere, but she gone for good, I think she is dead. No, the same girl, McClellan McClellan. Run over by a car. Four days ago. I’m not sure. But I think she dead. The family moved out anyways. I don’t know. But I think she’s dead. † How this relates to the mindless of mass culture sense nobody cares if something important had been taken away, such as loved for one. The society just forgets about everything they used to have. It shows how the society foreshadows everything that they do. The theme mindless of mass culture was expressed by characters in the book; the theme had a very big impact on everyone in the society. This theme has affected each one mind and making every person in society to be like a robot which no emotions at all.

Trust Issues Found on Family Trip

My parents and I had been looking forward to our trip for seeks and everything Just seemed precisely planned and made us all excited as the days got closer. That to me was what it meant when you had a family trip, to me It was a time where you get excited to be together and work on building this bond that you all have and just enjoy each other's company. You start counting days down and get hyped up wanting adjust be at that one place where you know a new level of family love can be found.You realize that in this place is where any problems can be forgotten even If Just for a temporary time and that you can find new adventure amongst the simplest spot with the most beloved people in your life. However sometimes moments can change and become ones that will affect you for possibly the rest of your life, this is unknowingly what was in store for my family and l. Hernandez 2 Wanting to stay with my Aunt and uncle who live in Arizona, my parents and I went for New Years expecting a fun fa mily time.Unexpectedly my father's grandmother ended up passing away so amongst our trip he decided to stay back for her funeral. Arguing back and forth about what to do occurred with the end result being that my father would stay behind to later come up to Arizona and take us back home at the end of the stay. Unfortunately as time went on through the week my parents continuously fought over the phone to the point where my father told my mother he no longer wanted to be with her. This shocked me as I wanted my parents to be together forever, I did not want them to end and I definitely did not want my family to split up.My mother certainly did not want that so she got my father to be calm enough to agree that when he came down to Arizona they should in person actually talk things through. The day had later finally come where my father was now with us and my mother wanted to have a thorough conversation with him. Being only 13 at the time I was still young and thought well they can wo rk it out I know they can, they always work their problems out, so there is no way they will break up. However I was so wrong, hearing the words that my father spoke to my mother truly broke my heart.Saying he no longer loved her and he couldn't be with her honestly shook me to my core, I Just could not believe that right before my eyes I was seeing my parent's 1 OFF and that I knew he loved my mother. Being young I could not have imagined the real reason behind his words that ended up feeling like a knife in our family back. Believing my father's words I simply believed that he had fallen out of love with my mother. I did not like it but no matter how much I tried to change my father's mind he would not budge. Therefore, I saw that I had no say in the matter at all that really what I wanted did not nor Hernandez 3 would it ever matter.In having no choice in the matter I felt heart broken, my family was simply slipping through my fingers. Being only 13, still so young I would have n ever imagined that behind my father's words were lies and the fact that he had cheated on my mother. Honestly he became someone different to me at this moment, e was like a stranger, definitely not the father I once was close with. Within finding out this information I lost all respect for my father and faith that relationships last, even in the belief that families can really always remain together.Saying that my trust in people had changed was an understatement, I had went from trusting my father was a great guy to not being able to believe a word he said. In seeing how easily my father could hurt my mother and Just leave his family made me think if he could do that then why wouldn't someone else I love do that. I began to think that all people especially men were liars and cheaters. I felt that I wouldn't be able to trust again and I wouldn't be able to fall in love or have a family of my own.My thoughts were that two people making promises to love one another for the rest of the ir lives was Just nothing but a lie. My ability to trust had been completely broken, but within this I also felt abandoned by the one man who had said he would always be there. My father had lied and in thinking he was Just leaving my mother had left me too, so I believed that was what all men were capable of. I felt that if I gave anyone the lightest ounce of my trust that I would Just get hurt again and being heartbroken was not a feeling I wanted to go through yet again in my life.An apology was never even heard through any of it by my father so I Just assumed he didn't care at all. It wasn't until going to a therapist and actually talking my feelings out happened that I heard an apology. In hearing that years later at the age of 17 was when I began to realize that no matter what I wish would have happened or wished I could have changed, it Hernandez 4 would never be different. My parents would never be together again and my father loud never undo the hurt he had caused and the a nger I had felt towards him.No matter how much I wanted my father to be the same guy I had always looked up to he wouldn't because I had lost my respect for him and my trust in him. Losing my trust in him was one of the hardest things to deal with, but I knew I still loved my father and over time I wanted to be able to have a relationship with him again. In realizing this I saw that I had to move forward in my life and forget the past in order to work at rebuilding my trust not Just within my father but in people in general. That I had to let go of my hurt and anger towards my father in order to have the chance at that new relationship.In simply wanting this I knew that looking to the future was the only option no matter how much my past had changed me, therefore the past had to remain in the past. I had to mature and be happy moving on and enjoying my life, There you have it a family trip turned into a moment that split a family a part and caused trust issues along with so much hur t and anger. It went from being about relaxation to uncovering lies and deceit in someone who was so beloved to me. Having my trust broken and questioning relationships made me believe I would never be happy.Over time however, I was able to realize that the past had to stay in the past, that I had to only look forward to the future. I knew I wanted to be happy and regain my sense of trust, so slowly piece by piece that has been able to begin to be rebuilt. I still do have issues that I know will take more time to fix, but at least now all I really look forward to is having a bright, happy future. One where hopefully my relationship with my father can change and be Just as good as it used to be before the New Year's trip we had went wrong.

Dystopian Society Essay

Compare the dystopian societies, and the methods used to create them, in ‘The Handmaids Tale’ by Margaret Atwood, and ‘1984’ by George Orwell (paying particular attention to the representation of gender). The futuristic and oppressive themes that define a dystopian society are in ‘1984’ by George Orwell and ‘The Handmaids Tale’ (THT) by Margaret Atwood. These forms of society feature contrasting types of repressive social control and these stories often explore the concept of humans abusing technology or the rights of people. Dystopian societies are often imagined as police states, with unlimited power over the citizens. Although many elements of a dystopian society can be seen in ‘The Handmaids Tale’ and ‘1984’, the authors, the two novels explore the extreme negative effects of social control through their dissimilar opinions of a dystopian society. Through the choice of the narrator’s gender, the authors explore issues of this, which can be seen as a clear feature that emphasises the amount of oppression that both protagonists may experience; even though there is more prominence given to a woman facing male domination. Evidence from the1960’s shows that there was controversy to whether women are equal to men in terms of jobs, the vote, education and their position within the family. In modern society women are more equal to men; however, during the period that Atwood wrote ‘THT’, the Woman’s Liberation Movement was occurring which was a political movement born in the 1960’s from the second-feminism wave. All pride and dignity is taken from the women in Gilead, which is a clear form of oppression towards women. One example would include the isolation from their families and they are used as ‘wombs’ that have no other use. Not only is she tortured by the thoughts of what could have happened to her child and husband but in her new role, she is raped repeatedly by the Commander which proves that the female gender is less dominant compared to the men. Contrastingly, within ‘1984’ Winston has a negative attitude towards the dictatorship of Big Brother which suggests that men are more likely to rebel than women. Therefore, your gender may affect the amount of anger you have towards a person/society. Winston and Julia; lovers and rebels, are trying to become members of anti-Party Brotherhood. Therefore, the fact that Winston and Offred are of contrasting genders, emphasizes the amount of  rebellion that they feel towards their dictatorships. Orwell’s narrator, Winston, narrates in third person whereas, Atwood’s narrator, Offred, narrates in first person. ‘1984’ is clearly a novel warning people that politics could eventually control everything the people do. ‘THT’ is clearly a personal warning proposed by Atwood, as the authorities do not control everyone and what they believe in; they only need the ‘womb’ of the women which is the useful part of a women – illustrating the view that the ‘political’ cannot be separated from the ‘personal’. Winston is giving the reader a more unbiased view because he is not as involved within the events as the reader may think. Winston comments on events that he is not involved in which gives the reader the view that Winston is an unbiased narrator. Contrastingly, Atwood clearly allowed Offred to become a first person narrator so that Atwood could become more involved in the events that happen in Gilead and to have a more intimate relationship with the reader as she can voice her own opinion which questions her reliability as a narrator. Within the first chapter, Offred clearly uses the word â€Å"we†, which shows the reader that she, is restricted within the Red Centre and lacks identity. The structures of both novels reflect a dystopian society in terms of the hierarchy of the places. Perhaps both authors have a different opinion of how societies will be structured in the future. Evidence for this is that ‘THT’ is split into fifteen parts; nearly all of them are named ‘night’. Contrastingly, in ‘1984’ the chapters are represented as numbers and not as names which could portray Orwell’s vision of life within Oceania. It can be argued that Winston is not living his own life as men do in the 21st century this is because he is under Big Brother rule and will not be able to escape as Big Brother controls everything he is thinking and doing, even though the reader gets an idea that Winston doesn’t agree with this. The lack of detail and minimal description from Winston about the society could suggest that there is no significance in life and Winston has no importance within Oceania, which is explained through the structu re of the society. However, the fact that in ‘THT’ the majority of the chapters are named ‘night’ could give the reader an insight to how restricted women are in this society. The  fact that night can generate fear to some people really shows that women were fearful of their future and they obviously do not only want to be seen as a ‘womb’ to continue the next generation. On the other hand, it can be seen that Offred is more comfortable during the night as she has a sense of freedom as she can think and imagine in her head. An example would include when Offred goes to see Nick, they speak awkwardly at first, but gradually become more comfortable with one another. Therefore, the structures of both novels that both authors have clearly thought about represent the hierarchy of the societies. ‘THT’ uses hierarchy of oppression such as the Guardians, and Aunts to maintain social control. The role of the aunt is to essentially ‘police’ the Handmaids so that they will become adapted to their new society, and the blame of many incidents is purely put on women. For example, â€Å"The spectacles women used to make of themselves†¦ bare backs and shoulders in public†¦ no wonder those things used to happen.† This suggests that Aunt Lydia believes that whatever it was that women suffered in the former society, it due to their own behaviour. This way of controlling minds in ‘THT’ is a more understated way compared to the means the Party uses in ‘1984’, in which the surveillance and control is displayed more apparent. Wilson is obviously aware of the government surveillance that he is exposed to; the Telescreens are noticeable and their purposes are evident. This guarantees that people will abide by the governments’ rules, being aware that there will be a consequence if they don’t obey; they fear the potential punishment which scares them into submission. Therefore, the methods of control that Atwood uses are perhaps more subtle; contrastingly the surveillance is more obvious within ‘1984.’ The ‘Aunts’ arguably are a more subconscious method of maintaining power. By limiting the essentials to the women in the Gilead society, women of the future are warned of the oppression they may face and ultimately need to avoid. A completely differing method used by the totalitarian government in ‘1984’ is surveillance used by the party maintaining the oppression over Oceania by using Telescreens. The party use this constant surveillance to maintain social control and ensure that the party can control and eliminate any form of uprising. â€Å"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU† is a constant reminder to the society that every action taken  is watched and that Oceania has no form of discretion. As a result, the lack of privacy in ‘1984’ allows the party to maintain control over the people’s actions and thoughts which increases the extent of power. The dictatorships in both ‘THT’ and ‘1984’ restrict the protagonist’s memory so that what they learn whilst being overpowered is what they believe to be right. Winston’s memories are less frequent compared to Offred’s, and they are also more direct. Offred’s memories of the past are staggered but she has irregular flash backs of her daughter and her former partner, Luke. She has flash backs of fleeing across the border into Canada, but they were caught and separated from one another, and Offred has seen neither her husband nor her daughter since. However, Winston’s memories are unclear as they were destroyed due to the revolution. The dystopian government and oppressive society created a void in his mind. Perhaps the authors put the impact of the memories into the novels so that the reader gets an impression that memory in a dystopian society reflects freedom. The more Offred and Winston imagine their past, the more they are able to think about the previous amount of freedom which would lead them to rebel. Both societies restrict individuality which leads to both protagonists rebelling; this is because of the impact of being under oppression. In ‘THT’ the totalitarian state is portrayed as negative by the reader because Offred is isolated from society and left powerless. This leads to Offred having rebellious outbursts even though she is denied freedom of speech. During testifying all of the Handmaid’s shout at Janine â€Å"her fault, her fault, her fault† and â€Å"she did, she did, she did†. The importance of all of the Handmaids shouting in monotonous tone represents the lack of individuality. Furthermore, the repetition represents the whining auto-response expected by the women in the Gilead society. Contrastingly, Winston shows aggressive hatred towards Goldstein and everyone present in the room. He and other people have â€Å"a hideous ecstasy of fear and vindictiveness and a desire to kill†. This expresses the importance of Big Brother and shows how he has turned all of the characters into inhumane people. The language that Orwell uses is vicious but creates an animal-like view of Winston which tells the reader that he will always be under Big Brother control, expressing a  warning of the future. Unlike remorse felt by Offred, Winston feeds off hatred which distinguishes the two protagonists and the severity of the state control in both novels. The exploitation of language and use of propaganda features prominently in both novels. The establishments use language to endure control over the inhabitants to change people’s thought process. Within ‘THT’, the authorities use one-sided Bible quote to condition the handmaids to conforming and to ensure there is no form of rebellion. Offreds analytical nature is represented as she knows that these Bible quotes are distorted. â€Å"It’s from the Bible, or so they said†. Offred also acknowledges these are forms of propaganda to ensure that the dystopian society is fully in play. The use of propaganda in Nazi Germany (1933-45) had a dramatic affect in changing the public’s opinion in favour of Nazi policies, including ‘total war’. This is similar to Offred as she knows that the Bible quotes are publicized to ensure the women understand their only purpose, to reproduce, however, she still prays even though she doesn’t agree with it. However, in ‘1984’ the system of ‘Newspeak’ is used to shorten the way of speech and it is the specific language used in their newspapers. This suited the totalitarian regime of the Party, whose aim was to make subversive â€Å"thought crime† and speech impossible. Thus Newspeak is possibly an attempt by Orwell to describe a deliberate intent to exploit this decadence with the aim of oppressing its speakers. To conclude, the ways in which ‘THT’ and ‘1984’ reflect a dystopian society are through the structures of the novels and the language the author uses to represent the characters personalities. Atwood mainly focuses on the structure of her novel which emphasises the unstructured dystopian society, by sectioning the chapters into significant parts; whereas, most novels simply have chapters. George Orwell aims to show the reader the structure of a dystopian society by using simple sentences and placing more power on Big Brother the reader gets an insight into how powerful a policing system can be in a dystopian society and ultimately warns them of the future. Bibliography: AQA English Literature B A2 – Nelson Thrones ‘1984’ – George Orwell ‘The Handmaids Tale’ – Margaret Atwood

History Discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

History Discussion - Research Paper Example 90). This made President Jackson make a lot of mistakes that caused United States great damage both economically and politically. During his tenure some of the United States countries even tried to secede from the union. Jackson signing of tariff into law in 1882, some countries such as South Carolina felt ignored the move an aspect that made President Jackson administration to almost make use military in making sure that South Carolina paid the tariff (Brinkley, & Dyer 2004, p. 93). The administration was also involved with different cases of corruption. The administration was unable to fight cases of corruption that faced the government especially the allegations that were directed towards some of the cabinet officials. This made the fight be tough to deal with as the officials still held their positions in the government thereby covering up any attempt to uncover their actions. This led to starting of a campaign that was aimed at eliminating all officials that had corruption records but this move was unsuccessful (Brinkley, & Dyer 2004, p.

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Housing and Benefits for Asylum Seekers in UK - Essay Example Housing is at the very cornerstone of reception and resettlement (BRC 1987, 96-99; Carey-Wood etal. 1995, 66-72; Majke 1991, 267- 283; Refugee Council 1997; Robinson 1993, 170-186) and controlling access to housing has become an increasingly important part of the government's asylum and immigration strategy. Without adequate shelter, few other opportunities exist for those unfortunate enough to be destitute. With no permanent address, there is little chance of establishing the minimum rights of citizenship, which offer inclusion into the host society. Social exclusion has been a reality for many thousands of asylum seekers over a prolonged period of time. This was true even before the more draconian measures introduced in the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999. The prevailing environment of competition, performance review and value for money has had the effect of increasingly marginalising the most vulnerable groups in British society. In all but a few notable exceptions, the needs of asylum seekers have been inadequately addressed by either public or private sectors (Zetter and Pearl 1999a, 24-27). This has been due to a combination of institutional inertia and political sensitivity - both cock-up and conspiracy. The most recent legislative measures have further exacerbated the process of exclusion, generating additional hardship for an already overburdened group by extending uncertainty and increasing dependency. In reality, the rights and entitlements of refugees are little changed by the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999. They remain eligible to receive support and assistance in terms of both benefits and housing from the public sector. This is an important distinction from asylum seekers. Refugees are individuals or households whose status under the 1951 Geneva Convention has been approved by the UK government: that is, their 'well founded fear of persecution' has been accepted. They are likely to have either permanent or long-term status of residence in the UK and generally share in the usual rights of citizenship. (Duke, 1995, 12-18) Those with refugee status are eligible for assistance under the homelessness legislation and qualify for the housing register. To a large extent, such households have fewer institutional barriers to overcome than asylum seekers. Asylum seekers have no such clarity of outcome, for which they depend on the result of their pending application. While in this state of limbo, they are disqualified from access to employment, benefits or permanent housing, and are thus placed at the very margins of society. Indeed, at certain times within the mid-1990s, large numbers of single asylum seekers were actually destitute. (Joly, 1996, 121-128) The political reality behind the asylum legislation appears, therefore, to indicate a reliance on two cardinal principles above all other considerations: 1. the control and limitation of public expenditure, particularly personal benefits 2. the maintenance of an image of political toughness. (Robinson, 1985, 305- 330) It seems likely that excessive zeal in investigating applications and a

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DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND FAMILIES (DFC) Essay

DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND FAMILIES (DFC) - Essay Example The department’s yearly budget targets protection of over a hundred thousand youths while at the same time strengthening families around the commonwealth (Working at the Department of Children and Families, 2011). The paper will also focus at the type of work done at the department with the employees who are family centered, child driven, community focused, strength based, commitment to continuous learning as well as being committed to cultural/diversity competences. The paper will also discuss the various national and state policies that aim at preventing mistreatment of the children and preserving their rights. The American citizen as well as professionals associated with child health believes that parents have the responsibility of caring and nurturing their children while protecting them from harm. However, the state may be allowed to intervene in cases where the parents have failed to honor their duties and in cases of abuse. The children and family department aims at ensuring that children thrive and grow in a home environment that is nurturing. The approach sometime often entails making challenging and difficult decisions in which children are removed from their home environment and placed in environment that are more stable. The department is able to deal with numerous problems that affect children and their families such as abandonment, neglect and suspected child abuse. Such issues have raised concerns and the authorities have taken measures to stop them from happening in the community. The children and family departments have put in place various legislations with the intention of ensuring that people who suspects abuse of children have a mandate to report through telephone or any mean so that the children may be rescued and transferred to a better environment. One of the goals of the department is to stop neglect and child abuse. The department receives numerous reports of neglect and abuse of chi ldren

Unix Vs. Windows Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unix Vs. Windows - Essay Example operating system to be used by complete novices (as a result of the ease of operation and the simple user interfaces), Microsoft has also forged partnerships with many big and small PC manufacturers, thereby ensuring that the operating system is shipped along with the PCs that consumers purchase (Jeurguen Haas, 2005). However, UNIX (as also its various versions) continues to be the preferred choice of programmers and software developers in the case of network programming. This is due to the fact that UNIX offers ready-to-use libraries that facilitate the use of direct networking features such as sockets, semaphores and pipes. In windows however, the user is encapsulated from all such features, thereby denying them flexibility at the core programming level. This, according to them, is due to the fact that the operating system offers additional advanced capabilities when compared to Windows (Jeurguen Haas, 2005). One of the most versatile features of UNIX is the fact that the operating system can be installed on numerous machines consisting of different architectures (be it cluster or distributed architectures). Moreover, unlike window, which is a PC based OS; UNIX can be installed on supercomputers and mainframes with a minimal change of configuration alone (KernelThread, 2006). Another problem that continues to plague windows is the constant occurrence of system breakdowns and frequent hang-ups, while such a problem has been found to have lesser frequency of occurrence in the case of UNIX. As such, a UNIX machine requires less network administration and maintenance. UNIX also offers a greater processing power and is found to have solutions for distributed environments as well. The above points do not mean that windows do not provide networking solutions. The upper advantage of UNIX over windows based solutions lies in the fact that in order to operate across a network using windows, one would have to usually install additional software in order to communicate